www.wikipedia.org was accessible in Belgium

GET https://www.wikipedia.org/
Accept-Ranges:
bytes
Age:
4070
Cache-Control:
s-maxage=86400, must-revalidate, max-age=3600
Content-Length:
118866
Content-Type:
text/html
Date:
Sun, 07 Sep 2025 18:28:03 GMT
Etag:
W/"1d052-63dd804431780"
Last-Modified:
Tue, 02 Sep 2025 21:17:34 GMT
Nel:
{ "report_to": "wm_nel", "max_age": 604800, "failure_fraction": 0.05, "success_fraction": 0.0}
Report-To:
{ "group": "wm_nel", "max_age": 604800, "endpoints": [{ "url": "https://intake-logging.wikimedia.org/v1/events?stream=w3c.reportingapi.network_error&schema_uri=/w3c/reportingapi/network_error/1.0.0" }] }
Server:
ATS/9.2.11
Server-Timing:
cache;desc="hit-front", host;desc="cp3073"
Set-Cookie:
WMF-Last-Access=07-Sep-2025;Path=/;HttpOnly;secure;Expires=Thu, 09 Oct 2025 12:00:00 GMT
Strict-Transport-Security:
max-age=106384710; includeSubDomains; preload
X-Cache:
cp3073 miss, cp3073 hit/288973
X-Cache-Status:
hit-front
X-Client-Ip:
[scrubbed]
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en" class="no-js">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<title>Wikipedia</title>
<meta name="description" content="Wikipedia is a free online encyclopedia, created and edited by volunteers around the world and hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation.">
<script>
document.documentElement.className = document.documentElement.className.replace( /(^|\s)no-js(\s|$)/, "$1js-enabled$2" );
</script>
<meta name="viewport" content="initial-scale=1,user-scalable=yes">
<link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png">
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico">
<link rel="license" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">
<style>
.sprite{background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url(portal/wikipedia.org/assets/img/sprite-e49fbf32.svg);background-repeat:no-repeat;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle}.svg-Commons-logo_sister{background-position:0 0;width:47px;height:47px}.svg-MediaWiki-logo_sister{background-position:0 -47px;width:42px;height:42px}.svg-Meta-Wiki-logo_sister{background-position:0 -89px;width:37px;height:37px}.svg-Wikibooks-logo_sister{background-position:0 -126px;width:37px;height:37px}.svg-Wikidata-logo_sister{background-position:0 -163px;width:49px;height:49px}.svg-Wikifunctions-logo_sister{background-position:0 -212px;width:50px;height:50px}.svg-Wikimedia-logo_black{background-position:0 -262px;width:42px;height:42px}.svg-Wikipedia_wordmark{background-position:0 -304px;width:176px;height:32px}.svg-Wikiquote-logo_sister{background-position:0 -336px;width:42px;height:42px}.svg-Wikisource-logo_sister{background-position:0 -378px;width:39px;height:39px}.svg-Wikispecies-logo_sister{background-position:0 -417px;width:42px;height:42px}.svg-Wikiversity-logo_sister{background-position:0 -459px;width:43px;height:37px}.svg-Wikivoyage-logo_sister{background-position:0 -496px;width:36px;height:36px}.svg-Wiktionary-logo_sister{background-position:0 -532px;width:37px;height:37px}.svg-arrow-down{background-position:0 -569px;width:12px;height:8px}.svg-arrow-down-blue{background-position:0 -577px;width:14px;height:14px}.svg-badge_google_play_store{background-position:0 -591px;width:124px;height:38px}.svg-badge_ios_app_store{background-position:0 -629px;width:110px;height:38px}.svg-language-icon{background-position:0 -667px;width:22px;height:22px}.svg-noimage{background-position:0 -689px;width:58px;height:58px}.svg-search-icon{background-position:0 -747px;width:22px;height:22px}.svg-wikipedia_app_tile{background-position:0 -769px;width:42px;height:42px}
</style>
<style>
:root{--color-base:#202122;--color-base-fixed:#202122;--color-base--hover:#404244;--color-emphasized:#101418;--color-subtle:#54595d;--color-placeholder:#72777d;--color-disabled:#a2a9b1;--color-disabled-emphasized:#a2a9b1;--color-inverted:#fff;--color-inverted-fixed:#fff;--color-progressive:#36c;--color-progressive--hover:#3056a9;--color-progressive--active:#233566;--color-progressive--focus:#36c;--color-destructive:#bf3c2c;--color-destructive--hover:#9f3526;--color-destructive--active:#612419;--color-destructive--focus:#36c;--color-visited:#6a60b0;--color-visited--hover:#534fa3;--color-visited--active:#353262;--color-destructive--visited:#9f5555;--color-destructive--visited--hover:#854848;--color-destructive--visited--active:#512e2e;--color-error:#bf3c2c;--color-error--hover:#9f3526;--color-error--active:#612419;--color-warning:#886425;--color-success:#177860;--color-notice:#404244;--color-icon-error:#f54739;--color-icon-warning:#ab7f2a;--color-icon-success:#099979;--color-icon-notice:#72777d;--color-content-added:#006400;--color-content-removed:#8b0000;--opacity-base:1;--opacity-medium:0.65;--opacity-low:0.3;--opacity-transparent:0;--filter-invert-icon:0;--filter-invert-primary-button-icon:1;--background-position-base:center;--background-size-search-figure:cover;--z-index-bottom:-100;--z-index-base:0;--z-index-above-content:1;--z-index-toolbar:2;--z-index-dropdown:50;--z-index-sticky:100;--z-index-fixed:200;--z-index-off-canvas-backdrop:300;--z-index-off-canvas:350;--z-index-overlay-backdrop:400;--z-index-overlay:450;--z-index-popover:700;--z-index-tooltip:800;--z-index-toast-notification:900;--z-index-top:9999;--z-index-stacking-0:0;--z-index-stacking-1:1;--z-index-stacking-2:2;--z-index-stacking-3:3;--box-sizing-base:border-box;--size-0:0;--size-6:0.0625rem;--size-12:0.125rem;--size-25:0.25rem;--size-50:0.5rem;--size-75:0.75rem;--size-100:1rem;--size-125:1.25rem;--size-150:1.5rem;--size-200:2rem;--size-250:2.5rem;--size-275:2.75rem;--size-300:3rem;--size-400:4rem;--size-800:8rem;--size-1200:12rem;--size-1600:16rem;--size-2400:24rem;--size-2800:28rem;--size-3200:32rem;--size-4000:40rem;--size-5600:56rem;--size-viewport-width-full:100vw;--size-viewport-height-full:100vh;--size-absolute-1:1px;--size-absolute-9999:9999px;--size-content-min:min-content;--size-content-fit:fit-content;--size-content-max:max-content;--size-third:33.33%;--size-half:50%;--size-full:100%;--size-double:200%;--size-search-figure:2.5rem;--max-width-base:none;--max-width-breakpoint-mobile:calc(640px - var(--size-absolute-1));--max-width-breakpoint-tablet:calc(1120px - var(--size-absolute-1));--max-width-breakpoint-desktop:calc(1680px - var(--size-absolute-1));--max-width-button:28rem;--border-style-base:solid;--border-style-dashed:dashed;--box-shadow-inset-small:inset 0 0 0 1px;--box-shadow-inset-medium:inset 0 0 0 2px;--box-shadow-inset-medium-vertical:inset 0 -2px 0 0;--box-shadow-outset-small:0 0 0 1px;--box-shadow-outset-small-top:0 -1px 0 0;--box-shadow-outset-small-bottom:0 1px 0 0;--box-shadow-outset-small-start:-1px 0 0 0;--box-shadow-outset-medium-below:0 4px 4px 0;--box-shadow-outset-medium-around:0 0 8px 0;--box-shadow-outset-large-below:0 4px 8px 0;--box-shadow-outset-large-around:0 0 16px 0;--box-shadow-color-base:#a2a9b1;--box-shadow-color-progressive--active:#233566;--box-shadow-color-progressive--focus:#36c;--box-shadow-color-progressive-selected:#36c;--box-shadow-color-progressive-selected--hover:#3056a9;--box-shadow-color-progressive-selected--active:#233566;--box-shadow-color-destructive--focus:#36c;--box-shadow-color-inverted:#fff;--box-shadow-color-alpha-base:rgba(0,0,0,0.06);--box-shadow-color-transparent:transparent;--font-family-base:sans-serif;--font-family-system-sans:-apple-system,"BlinkMacSystemFont","Segoe UI","Roboto","Inter","Helvetica","Arial",sans-serif;--font-family-sans--fallback:sans-serif;--font-family-serif:"Linux Libertine","Georgia","Times","Source Serif Pro",serif;--font-family-serif--fallback:serif;--font-family-monospace:"Menlo","Consolas","Liberation Mono","Fira Code","Courier New",monospace;--font-family-monospace--fallback:monospace,monospace;--font-family-heading-main:"Linux Libertine","Georgia","Times","Source Serif Pro",serif;--font-size-x-small:0.75rem;--font-size-small:0.875rem;--font-size-medium:1rem;--font-size-large:1.125rem;--font-size-x-large:1.25rem;--font-size-xx-large:1.5rem;--font-size-xxx-large:1.75rem;--font-weight-hairline:100;--font-weight-light:300;--font-weight-normal:400;--font-weight-semi-bold:600;--font-weight-bold:700;--line-height-x-small:1.25rem;--line-height-small:1.375rem;--line-height-medium:1.625rem;--line-height-large:1.75rem;--line-height-x-large:1.875rem;--line-height-xx-large:2.125rem;--line-height-xxx-large:2.375rem;--line-height-content:1.625;--text-decoration-none:none;--text-decoration-line-through:line-through;--text-decoration-underline:underline;--text-overflow-clip:clip;--text-overflow-ellipsis:ellipsis;--tab-size-base:4;--transform-checkbox-tick--checked:rotate(45deg);--transform-progress-indicator-spinner-start:rotate(-45deg);--transform-progress-indicator-spinner-end:rotate(315deg);--transition-duration-base:100ms;--transition-duration-medium:250ms;--transition-property-base:background-color,color,border-color,box-shadow;--transition-property-fade:opacity;--transition-property-icon:color;--transition-property-icon-css-only:background-color;--transition-property-toggle-switch-grip:background-color,border-color,transform;--transition-timing-function-system:ease;--transition-timing-function-user:ease-out;--animation-delay-none:0ms;--animation-delay-medium:-160ms;--animation-delay-slow:-320ms;--animation-duration-fast:1000ms;--animation-duration-medium:1600ms;--animation-duration-slow:2000ms;--animation-timing-function-base:linear;--animation-timing-function-bouncing:ease-in-out;--animation-iteration-count-base:infinite;--cursor-base:default;--cursor-base--disabled:default;--cursor-base--hover:pointer;--cursor-grab:grab;--cursor-grabbing:grabbing;--cursor-help:help;--cursor-move:move;--cursor-not-allowed:not-allowed;--cursor-resize-nesw:nesw-resize;--cursor-resize-nwse:nwse-resize;--cursor-text:text;--cursor-zoom-in:zoom-in;--cursor-zoom-out:zoom-out;--mix-blend-mode-base:normal;--mix-blend-mode-blend:multiply;--background-color-base:#fff;--background-color-base-fixed:#fff;--background-color-neutral:#eaecf0;--background-color-neutral-subtle:#f8f9fa;--background-color-interactive:#eaecf0;--background-color-interactive--hover:#dadde3;--background-color-interactive--active:#c8ccd1;--background-color-interactive-subtle:#f8f9fa;--background-color-interactive-subtle--hover:#eaecf0;--background-color-interactive-subtle--active:#dadde3;--background-color-disabled:#dadde3;--background-color-disabled-subtle:#eaecf0;--background-color-inverted:#101418;--background-color-progressive:#36c;--background-color-progressive--hover:#3056a9;--background-color-progressive--active:#233566;--background-color-progressive--focus:#36c;--background-color-progressive-subtle:#f1f4fd;--background-color-progressive-subtle--hover:#dce3f9;--background-color-progressive-subtle--active:#cbd6f6;--background-color-destructive:#bf3c2c;--background-color-destructive--hover:#9f3526;--background-color-destructive--active:#612419;--background-color-destructive--focus:#36c;--background-color-destructive-subtle:#ffe9e5;--background-color-destructive-subtle--hover:#ffdad3;--background-color-destructive-subtle--active:#ffc8bd;--background-color-error:#f54739;--background-color-error--hover:#d74032;--background-color-error--active:#bf3c2c;--background-color-error-subtle:#ffe9e5;--background-color-error-subtle--hover:#ffdad3;--background-color-error-subtle--active:#ffc8bd;--background-color-warning-subtle:#fdf2d5;--background-color-success-subtle:#dff2eb;--background-color-notice-subtle:#eaecf0;--background-color-content-added:#a3d3ff;--background-color-content-removed:#ffe49c;--background-color-transparent:transparent;--background-color-backdrop-light:hsla(0,0%,100%,0.65);--background-color-backdrop-dark:rgba(0,0,0,0.65);--background-color-button-quiet--hover:rgba(0,24,73,0.027);--background-color-button-quiet--active:rgba(0,24,73,0.082);--background-color-input-binary--checked:#36c;--background-color-tab-list-item-framed--hover:hsla(0,0%,100%,0.3);--background-color-tab-list-item-framed--active:hsla(0,0%,100%,0.65);--opacity-icon-base:0.87;--opacity-icon-base--hover:0.74;--opacity-icon-base--selected:1;--opacity-icon-base--disabled:0.51;--opacity-icon-placeholder:0.51;--opacity-icon-subtle:0.67;--min-size-interactive-pointer:32px;--min-size-interactive-touch:44px;--min-size-search-figure:40px;--min-size-icon-x-small:10px;--min-size-icon-small:14px;--min-size-icon-medium:18px;--min-size-input-binary:20px;--min-size-toggle-switch-grip:18px;--min-width-medium:256px;--min-width-breakpoint-mobile:320px;--min-width-breakpoint-tablet:640px;--min-width-breakpoint-desktop:1120px;--min-width-breakpoint-desktop-wide:1680px;--min-width-toggle-switch:42px;--spacing-0:0;--spacing-6:1px;--spacing-12:2px;--spacing-25:4px;--spacing-30:5px;--spacing-35:6px;--spacing-50:8px;--spacing-65:10px;--spacing-75:12px;--spacing-100:16px;--spacing-125:20px;--spacing-150:24px;--spacing-200:32px;--spacing-250:40px;--spacing-300:48px;--spacing-400:64px;--spacing-half:50%;--spacing-full:100%;--border-width-base:1px;--border-width-thick:2px;--border-width-input-radio--checked:6px;--border-color-base:#a2a9b1;--border-color-emphasized:#202122;--border-color-subtle:#c8ccd1;--border-color-muted:#dadde3;--border-color-interactive:#72777d;--border-color-interactive--hover:#27292d;--border-color-interactive--active:#202122;--border-color-disabled:#c8ccd1;--border-color-inverted:#fff;--border-color-inverted-fixed:#fff;--border-color-progressive:#6485d1;--border-color-progressive--hover:#3056a9;--border-color-progressive--active:#233566;--border-color-progressive--focus:#36c;--border-color-destructive:#f54739;--border-color-destructive--hover:#9f3526;--border-color-destructive--active:#612419;--border-color-destructive--focus:#36c;--border-color-error:#f54739;--border-color-error--hover:#9f3526;--border-color-error--active:#612419;--border-color-warning:#ab7f2a;--border-color-success:#099979;--border-color-notice:#72777d;--border-color-content-added:#a3d3ff;--border-color-content-removed:#ffe49c;--border-color-transparent:transparent;--border-color-divider:#a2a9b1;--border-radius-base:2px;--border-radius-sharp:0;--border-radius-pill:9999px;--border-radius-circle:50%;--outline-color-progressive--focus:#36c;--min-height-text-area:64px;--min-height-table-header:40px;--min-height-table-footer:40px;--min-height-toggle-switch:28px;--max-height-chip:1.375rem;--color-link-red:var(--color-destructive);--color-link-red--hover:var(--color-destructive--hover);--color-link-red--active:var(--color-destructive--active);--color-link-red--focus:var(--color-destructive--focus);--color-link-red--visited:var(--color-destructive--visited);--color-link-red--visited--hover:var(--color-destructive--visited--hover);--color-link-red--visited--active:var(--color-destructive--visited--active);--size-icon-x-small:calc(var(--font-size-medium) - 4px);--size-icon-small:var(--font-size-medium);--size-icon-medium:calc(var(--font-size-medium) + 4px);--size-toggle-switch-grip:calc(var(--font-size-medium)*1.25);--box-shadow-small:var(--box-shadow-outset-small) var(--box-shadow-color-base);--box-shadow-small-top:var(--box-shadow-outset-small-top) var(--box-shadow-color-base);--box-shadow-small-bottom:var(--box-shadow-outset-small-bottom) var(--box-shadow-color-base);--box-shadow-medium:var(--box-shadow-outset-medium-below) var(--box-shadow-color-alpha-base),var(--box-shadow-outset-medium-around) var(--box-shadow-color-alpha-base);--box-shadow-large:var(--box-shadow-outset-large-below) var(--box-shadow-color-alpha-base),var(--box-shadow-outset-large-around) var(--box-shadow-color-alpha-base);--accent-color-base:#36c;--position-offset-border-width-base:-var(--border-width-base);--spacing-horizontal-button:var(--spacing-75) - var(--border-width-base);--spacing-horizontal-button-icon-only:var(--spacing-35) - var(--border-width-base);--spacing-horizontal-button-small-icon-only:var(--spacing-12) - var(--border-width-base);--spacing-horizontal-button-small:var(--spacing-35) - var(--border-width-base);--spacing-horizontal-button-large:var(--spacing-100) - var(--border-width-base);--spacing-horizontal-input-text-two-end-icons:calc(var(--spacing-50)*2 + var(--size-icon-small));--spacing-start-typeahead-search-figure:var(--spacing-75);--spacing-toggle-switch-grip-start:calc(var(--font-size-medium)*0.375);--spacing-toggle-switch-grip-end:calc(var(--font-size-medium)*1.25);--border-color-input--hover:var(--border-color-interactive);--border-color-input-binary:var(--border-color-interactive);--border-color-input-binary--hover:var(--border-color-progressive--hover);--border-color-input-binary--active:var(--border-color-progressive--active);--border-color-input-binary--focus:var(--border-color-progressive--focus);--border-color-input-binary--checked:var(--border-color-progressive);--border-base:var(--border-width-base) var(--border-style-base) var(--border-color-base);--border-subtle:var(--border-width-base) var(--border-style-base) var(--border-color-subtle);--border-progressive:var(--border-width-base) var(--border-style-base) var(--border-color-progressive);--border-destructive:var(--border-width-base) var(--border-style-base) var(--border-color-destructive);--outline-base--focus:var(--border-width-base) solid transparent;--width-toggle-switch:calc(var(--font-size-medium)*3);--height-toggle-switch:calc(var(--font-size-medium)*2);--spacing-start-typeahead-search-icon:calc(var(--spacing-start-typeahead-search-figure) + var(--min-size-search-figure)/2 - var(--min-size-icon-medium)/2);--spacing-typeahead-search-focus-addition:calc(var(--spacing-start-typeahead-search-figure) + var(--min-size-search-figure) - var(--min-size-icon-medium) - var(--spacing-50));--color-base--subtle:#54595d;--box-shadow-drop-xx-large:0 20px 48px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.2);--font-family-sans:"Helvetica Neue","Helvetica","Liberation Sans","Arial",sans-serif;--line-height-xxx-small:1.4285714rem;--line-height-xx-small:1.5714285rem;--box-shadow-drop-small:var(--box-shadow-outset-small) var(--box-shadow-color-base);--box-shadow-drop-medium:var(--box-shadow-outset-medium-below) var(--box-shadow-color-alpha-base),var(--box-shadow-outset-medium-around) var(--box-shadow-color-alpha-base)}@media only screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){:root{--color-base:#eaecf0;--color-base--hover:#f8f9fa;--color-emphasized:#f8f9fa;--color-subtle:#a2a9b1;--color-disabled:#54595d;--color-disabled-emphasized:#72777d;--color-inverted:#101418;--color-progressive:#88a3e8;--color-progressive--hover:#b0c1f0;--color-progressive--active:#cbd6f6;--color-destructive:#fd7865;--color-destructive--hover:#fea898;--color-destructive--active:#ffc8bd;--color-visited:#a799cd;--color-visited--hover:#c5b9dd;--color-visited--active:#d9d0e9;--color-destructive--visited:#c99391;--color-destructive--visited--hover:#dcb5b3;--color-destructive--visited--active:#e8cecd;--color-error:#fd7865;--color-error--hover:#fea898;--color-error--active:#ffc8bd;--color-warning:#ca982e;--color-success:#2cb491;--color-notice:#a2a9b1;--color-content-added:#80cdb3;--color-content-removed:#fd7865;--color-base--subtle:#a2a9b1;--box-shadow-color-base:#72777d;--box-shadow-color-progressive--focus:#6485d1;--box-shadow-color-progressive-selected:#88a3e8;--box-shadow-color-progressive-selected--hover:#b0c1f0;--box-shadow-color-progressive-selected--active:#cbd6f6;--box-shadow-color-destructive--focus:#6485d1;--box-shadow-color-inverted:#000;--box-shadow-color-alpha-base:rgba(0,0,0,0.87);--mix-blend-mode-blend:screen;--background-color-base:#101418;--background-color-neutral:#27292d;--background-color-neutral-subtle:#202122;--background-color-interactive:#27292d;--background-color-interactive--hover:#404244;--background-color-interactive--active:#54595d;--background-color-interactive-subtle:#202122;--background-color-interactive-subtle--hover:#27292d;--background-color-interactive-subtle--active:#404244;--background-color-disabled:#404244;--background-color-disabled-subtle:#27292d;--background-color-inverted:#f8f9fa;--background-color-progressive--focus:#6485d1;--background-color-progressive-subtle:#1b223d;--background-color-progressive-subtle--hover:#233566;--background-color-progressive-subtle--active:#3056a9;--background-color-destructive--focus:#6485d1;--background-color-destructive-subtle:#3c1a13;--background-color-destructive-subtle--hover:#612419;--background-color-destructive-subtle--active:#9f3526;--background-color-error-subtle:#3c1a13;--background-color-error-subtle--hover:#612419;--background-color-error-subtle--active:#9f3526;--background-color-warning-subtle:#2d2212;--background-color-success-subtle:#132821;--background-color-notice-subtle:#27292d;--background-color-content-added:#233566;--background-color-content-removed:#453217;--background-color-backdrop-light:rgba(0,0,0,0.65);--background-color-backdrop-dark:hsla(0,0%,100%,0.65);--border-color-base:#72777d;--border-color-emphasized:#eaecf0;--border-color-subtle:#54595d;--border-color-muted:#404244;--border-color-interactive--hover:#a2a9b1;--border-color-interactive--active:#c8ccd1;--border-color-disabled:#54595d;--border-color-inverted:#101418;--border-color-progressive--hover:#88a3e8;--border-color-progressive--active:#b0c1f0;--border-color-progressive--focus:#6485d1;--border-color-destructive--hover:#fd7865;--border-color-destructive--active:#fea898;--border-color-destructive--focus:#6485d1;--border-color-error--hover:#fd7865;--border-color-error--active:#fea898;--border-color-content-added:#233566;--border-color-content-removed:#987027}}:root{--color-print--visited:#520;--ss-pos-top:1rem;--ss-pos-right:1.2rem;--ss-pos-bottom:1.2rem;--ss-width:9.5rem;--ss-height:2.4rem;--ss-select-width:11rem;--ss-select-z-index:1;--ss-button-z-index:2}html{font-family:sans-serif;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-size:62.5%}body{margin:0}article,aside,details,figcaption,figure,footer,header,hgroup,main,menu,nav,section,summary{display:block}audio,canvas,progress,video{display:inline-block;vertical-align:baseline}audio:not([controls]){display:none;height:0}[hidden],template{display:none}a{background-color:transparent}a:active,a:hover{outline:0}abbr[title]{border-bottom:1px dotted}b,strong{font-weight:700}dfn{font-style:italic}h1{font-size:3.2rem;margin:1.2rem 0}mark{background:#fef6e7;color:var(--color-emphasized)}small{font-size:1.3rem}sub,sup{font-size:75%;line-height:0;position:relative;vertical-align:baseline}sup{top:-.5em}sub{bottom:-.25em}svg:not(:root){overflow:hidden}figure{margin:1.6rem 4rem}hr{box-sizing:content-box}pre{overflow:auto}code,kbd,pre,samp{font-family:var(--font-family-monospace--fallback);font-size:1.4rem}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{color:inherit;font:inherit;margin:0}button{overflow:visible}button,select{text-transform:none}button,html input[type=button],input[type=reset],input[type=submit]{-webkit-appearance:button;cursor:pointer}button[disabled],html input[disabled]{cursor:default}button::-moz-focus-inner,input::-moz-focus-inner{border:0;padding:0}input{line-height:normal}input[type=checkbox],input[type=radio]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0}input[type=number][scrubbed]-webkit-inner-spin-button,input[type=number][scrubbed]-webkit-outer-spin-button{height:auto}input[type=search]{-webkit-appearance:none;box-sizing:content-box}input[type=search][scrubbed]-webkit-search-cancel-button,input[type=search][scrubbed]-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none}input[type=search]:focus{outline-offset:-2px}fieldset{border:var(--border-base);margin:0 .2rem;padding:.6rem 1rem 1.2rem}legend{border:0;padding:0}textarea{overflow:auto}optgroup{font-weight:700}table{border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0}td,th{padding:0}.hidden,[hidden]{display:none!important}.screen-reader-text{display:block;position:absolute!important;clip:rect(1px,1px,1px,1px);width:1px;height:1px;margin:-1px;border:0;padding:0;overflow:hidden}body{background-color:var(--background-color-base);color:var(--color-base);font-family:var(--font-family-system-sans);font-size:1.4rem;line-height:1.5;margin:.4rem 0 1.6rem}main{padding:0 1.28rem}a{touch-action:manipulation}a,a:active,a:focus{unicode-bidi:embed;outline:0;color:var(--color-progressive);text-decoration:none}a:focus{outline:1px solid var(--outline-color-progressive--focus)}a:hover{text-decoration:underline}img{vertical-align:middle}hr,img{border:0}hr{clear:both;height:0;border-bottom:var(--border-subtle);margin:.26rem 0}.pure-button{display:inline-block;zoom:1;line-height:normal;white-space:nowrap;text-align:center;cursor:pointer;-webkit-user-drag:none;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;user-select:none;box-sizing:border-box;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle);color:var(--color-base);position:relative;min-height:1.92rem;min-width:1.6rem;margin:.16rem 0;border:var(--border-base);border-radius:var(--border-radius-base);padding:.8rem 1.6rem;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit;font-weight:700;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:top;transition:background .1s ease,color .1s ease,border-color .1s ease,box-shadow .1s ease}.pure-button::-moz-focus-inner{padding:0;border:0}.pure-button-hover,.pure-button:hover{background-color:var(--background-color-base);border-color:var(--border-color-base);color:var(--color-base--hover)}.pure-button-active,.pure-button:active{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive);border-color:var(--border-color-interactive);color:var(--color-emphasized)}.pure-button:focus{outline:var(--outline-base--focus);border-color:var(--border-color-progressive--focus);box-shadow:var(--box-shadow-inset-small) var(--box-shadow-color-progressive--focus)}.pure-button-primary-progressive{background-color:var(--background-color-progressive);border-color:var(--border-color-progressive);color:var(--color-inverted)}.pure-button-primary-progressive:hover{background:var(--background-color-progressive--hover);border-color:var(--border-color-progressive--hover)}.pure-button-primary-progressive:active{background-color:var(--background-color-progressive--active);border-color:var(--border-color-progressive--active);box-shadow:none;color:var(--color-inverted)}.pure-button-primary-progressive:focus{box-shadow:var(--box-shadow-inset-small) var(--box-shadow-color-progressive--focus),var(--box-shadow-inset-medium) var(--box-shadow-color-inverted);border-color:var(--border-color-progressive--focus)}.pure-form input[type=search]{background-color:var(--background-color-base);display:inline-block;box-sizing:border-box;border:var(--border-base);border-radius:var(--border-radius-base);padding:.8rem;box-shadow:var(--box-shadow-inset-small) var(--box-shadow-color-inverted);vertical-align:middle}.pure-form input:focus:invalid{color:var(--color-error);border-color:var(--border-color-error)}.pure-form fieldset{margin:0;padding:.56rem 0 1.2rem;border:0}@media only screen and (max-width:480px){.pure-form input[type=search]{display:block}}.central-textlogo-wrapper{display:inline-block;vertical-align:bottom}.central-textlogo{position:relative;margin:4rem auto .5rem;width:270px;font-family:Linux Libertine,Hoefler Text,Georgia,Times New Roman,Times,serif;font-size:3rem;font-weight:400;line-height:3.3rem;text-align:center;font-feature-settings:"ss05"}.localized-slogan{display:block;font-family:var(--font-family-serif);font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:400}.central-textlogo__image{color:transparent;display:inline-block;overflow:hidden;text-indent:-10000px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){.central-textlogo__image{filter:url('data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><filter id="filter"><feComponentTransfer color-interpolation-filters="sRGB"><feFuncR type="table" tableValues="1 0" /><feFuncG type="table" tableValues="1 0" /><feFuncB type="table" tableValues="1 0" /></feComponentTransfer></filter></svg>#filter');-webkit-filter:invert(100%);filter:invert(100%)}}.central-featured-logo{position:absolute;top:158px;left:35px}@media (max-width:480px){.central-textlogo{position:relative;height:70px;width:auto;margin:2rem 0 0;text-align:center;line-height:2.5rem;text-indent:-1rem;font-size:1em}.central-textlogo-wrapper{position:relative;top:12px;text-indent:.2rem}.svg-Wikipedia_wordmark{width:150px;height:25px;background-position:0 -260px;background-size:100%}.localized-slogan{font-size:1.4rem}.central-featured-logo{position:relative;display:inline-block;width:57px;height:auto;left:0;top:0}}@media (max-width:240px){.central-textlogo__image{height:auto}}.central-featured{position:relative;height:32.5rem;width:54.6rem;max-width:100%;margin:0 auto;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle}.central-featured-lang{position:absolute;width:15.6rem}.central-featured-lang .link-box{display:block;border-radius:var(--border-radius-base);padding:0;text-decoration:none;white-space:normal}.central-featured-lang .link-box:hover strong{text-decoration:underline}.central-featured-lang :hover{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive)}.central-featured-lang strong{display:block;font-size:1.6rem}.central-featured-lang small{color:var(--color-subtle);display:inline-block;font-size:1.3rem;line-height:1.6}.central-featured-lang em{font-style:italic}.central-featured-lang .emNonItalicLang{font-style:normal}.lang1{top:0;right:60%}.lang2{top:0;left:60%}.lang3{top:20%;right:70%}.lang4{top:20%;left:70%}.lang5{top:40%;right:72%}.lang6{top:40%;left:72%}.lang7{top:60%;right:70%}.lang8{top:60%;left:70%}.lang9{top:80%;right:60%}.lang10{top:80%;left:60%}@media (max-width:480px){.central-featured{width:auto;height:auto;margin-top:8rem;font-size:1.3rem;text-align:left}.central-featured:after{content:" ";display:block;visibility:hidden;clear:both;height:0;font-size:0}.central-featured-lang{display:block;float:left;position:relative;top:auto;left:auto;right:auto;box-sizing:border-box;height:6.4rem;width:33%;margin:0 0 16px;padding:0 1.6rem;font-size:1.4rem;text-align:center}.central-featured-lang strong{font-size:1.4rem;margin-bottom:4px}.central-featured-lang small{line-height:1.4}}@media (max-width:375px){.central-featured-lang{font-size:1.3rem}}@media (max-width:240px){.central-featured-lang{width:100%}}.search-container{float:none;max-width:95%;width:540px;margin:.4rem auto 1.95rem;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle}.search-container fieldset{word-spacing:-4px}.search-container button{min-height:4.4rem;margin:0;border-radius:0 var(--border-radius-base) var(--border-radius-base) 0;padding:.8rem 1.6rem;font-size:1.6rem;z-index:var(--ss-button-z-index)}.search-container button .svg-search-icon{text-indent:-9999px}.search-container input[type=search][scrubbed]-webkit-search-results-button,.search-container input[type=search][scrubbed]-webkit-search-results-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none}.search-container input::-webkit-calendar-picker-indicator{display:none}.search-container .sprite.svg-arrow-down{position:absolute;top:.8rem;right:.6rem}#searchInput{-webkit-appearance:none;width:100%;height:4.4rem;border-left-width:var(--border-width-base);border-bottom-width:var(--border-width-base);border-right-width:0;border-top-width:var(--border-width-base);border-radius:var(--border-radius-base) 0 0 var(--border-radius-base);padding:.8rem 9.6rem .8rem 1.2rem;font-size:1.6rem;line-height:1.6;transition:background .1s ease,border-color .1s ease,box-shadow .1s ease}#searchInput:hover{border-color:var(--border-color-interactive)}#searchInput:focus{border-color:var(--border-color-progressive);box-shadow:var(--box-shadow-inset-small) var(--box-shadow-color-progressive--focus);outline:var(--outline-base--focus)}.search-container .search-input{display:inline-block;position:relative;width:73%;vertical-align:top}@media only screen and (max-width:480px){.search-container .pure-form fieldset{margin-left:1rem;margin-right:6.6rem}.search-container .search-input{width:100%;margin-right:-6.6rem}.search-container .pure-form button{float:right;right:-5.6rem}}.suggestions-dropdown{background-color:var(--background-color-base);display:inline-block;position:absolute;left:0;z-index:2;box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:var(--border-base);border-top:0;box-shadow:var(--box-shadow-drop-medium);text-align:left;list-style-type:none;word-spacing:normal}.suggestion-link{display:block;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;min-height:7rem;width:100%;padding:1rem 1rem 1rem 8.5rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle);color:inherit;text-decoration:none;text-align:initial;white-space:normal}.suggestion-link.active{background-color:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle)}a.suggestion-link:hover{text-decoration:none}a.suggestion-link:active,a.suggestion-link:focus{outline:0;white-space:normal}.suggestion-thumbnail{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive);background-image:url(portal/wikipedia.org/assets/img/noimage.png);background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 56 56'%3E%3Cpath fill='%23eee' d='M0 0h56v56H0z'/%3E%3Cpath fill='%23999' d='M36.4 13.5H17.8v24.9c0 1.4.9 2.3 2.3 2.3h18.7v-25c.1-1.4-1-2.2-2.4-2.2zM30.2 17h5.1v6.4h-5.1V17zm-8.8 0h6v1.8h-6V17zm0 4.6h6v1.8h-6v-1.8zm0 15.5v-1.8h13.8v1.8H21.4zm13.8-4.5H21.4v-1.8h13.8v1.8zm0-4.7H21.4v-1.8h13.8v1.8z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E");background-image:-o-linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url(portal/wikipedia.org/assets/img/noimage.png);background-position:50%;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:100% auto;background-size:cover;height:100%;width:7rem;position:absolute;top:0;left:0}.suggestion-title{margin:0 0 .78rem;color:var(--color-subtle);font-size:1.6rem;line-height:1.872rem}.suggestion-link.active .suggestion-title{color:var(--color-progressive)}.suggestion-highlight{font-style:normal;text-decoration:underline}.suggestion-description{color:var(--color-placeholder);margin:0;font-size:1.3rem;line-height:1.43rem}.styled-select{display:none;position:absolute;top:var(--ss-pos-top);bottom:var(--ss-pos-bottom);right:var(--ss-pos-right);max-width:var(--ss-width);height:var(--ss-height);border-radius:var(--border-radius-base)}.styled-select:hover{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle)}.styled-select .hide-arrow{right:3.2rem;max-width:6.8rem;height:var(--ss-height);overflow:hidden;text-align:right}.styled-select select{background:transparent;display:inline;overflow:hidden;height:var(--ss-height);min-width:var(--ss-select-width);max-width:var(--ss-select-width);width:var(--ss-select-width);box-sizing:border-box;border:0;line-height:var(--ss-height);-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:window;text-indent:.01px;text-overflow:"";opacity:0;-moz-appearance:none;appearance:none;cursor:pointer}.styled-select.no-js{width:var(--ss-width)}.styled-select.no-js select{opacity:1;margin:0;padding:0 2.4rem 0 .8rem;color:var(--color-subtle)}.styled-select.no-js .hide-arrow{width:6.8rem}.search-container .styled-select.no-js .js-langpicker-label{display:none}.styled-select.js-enabled .hide-arrow{padding:0 2.4rem 0 .8rem}.styled-select.js-enabled select{background:transparent;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;height:100%;z-index:var(--ss-select-z-index);width:100%;border:0;margin:0;padding:0 2.4rem;color:transparent;color:hsla(0,0%,100%,0)}.styled-select.js-enabled select option{color:var(--color-subtle)}.styled-select.js-enabled select:hover{background-color:transparent}.styled-select-active-helper{display:none}.styled-select.js-enabled select:focus+.styled-select-active-helper{display:block;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;z-index:0;width:100%;height:100%;outline:1px solid var(--outline-color-progressive--focus)}.search-container .js-langpicker-label{display:inline-block;margin:0;color:var(--color-subtle);font-size:1.3rem;line-height:var(--ss-height);text-transform:uppercase}.styled-select select:hover{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle)}.styled-select select:focus{outline:var(--outline-base--focus);box-shadow:none}@-moz-document url-prefix(){.styled-select select{width:110%}}.other-projects{display:inline-block;width:65%}.other-project{float:left;position:relative;width:33%;height:9rem}.other-project-link{display:inline-block;min-height:50px;width:90%;padding:1em;white-space:nowrap}.other-project-link:hover{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive)}a.other-project-link{text-decoration:none}.other-project-icon{display:inline-block;width:50px;text-align:center}.svg-Wikinews-logo_sister{background-image:url(portal/wikipedia.org/assets/img/Wikinews-logo_sister.png);background-position:0 0;background-size:47px 26px;width:47px;height:26px}@media (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio:1.25),(min-resolution:120dpi){.svg-Wikinews-logo_sister{background-image:url(portal/wikipedia.org/assets/img/Wikinews-logo_sister@2x.png)}}.other-project-text,.other-project .sprite-project-logos{display:inline-block}.other-project-text{max-width:65%;font-size:1.4rem;vertical-align:middle;white-space:normal}.other-project-tagline,.other-project-title{display:block}.other-project-tagline{color:var(--color-subtle);font-size:1.3rem}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.other-projects{width:100%}.other-project{width:33%}}@media screen and (max-width:480px){.other-project{width:50%}.other-project-tagline{-webkit-hyphens:auto;hyphens:auto}}@media screen and (max-width:320px){.other-project-text{margin-right:5px;font-size:1.3rem}}.lang-list-container{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle);overflow:hidden;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;max-height:0;width:80%;margin:-1.6rem auto 4.8rem;transition:max-height .5s ease-out .16s,visibility .5s ease-in 1s}.js-enabled .lang-list-container{visibility:hidden}.lang-list-active .lang-list-container,.no-js .lang-list-container{visibility:visible;max-height:10000px;transition:max-height 1s ease-in .2s,visibility 1000s ease-in 0ms}.no-js .lang-list-button{display:none}.lang-list-button-wrapper{text-align:center}.lang-list-button{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle);display:inline;position:relative;z-index:1;margin:0 auto;padding:.6rem 1.2rem;outline:1.6rem solid var(--background-color-base);border:var(--border-base);border-radius:var(--border-radius-base);color:var(--color-progressive);font-size:1.4rem;font-weight:700;line-height:1;transition:outline-width .1s ease-in .5s}.lang-list-button:hover{background-color:var(--background-color-base);border-color:var(--border-color-base)}.lang-list-button:focus{border-color:var(--border-color-progressive--focus);box-shadow:var(--box-shadow-inset-small) var(--box-shadow-color-progressive--focus)}.lang-list-active .lang-list-button{background-color:var(--background-color-base);outline:1px solid var(--border-color-inverted);border-color:var(--border-color-interactive);transition-delay:0s}.lang-list-button-text{padding:0 .64rem;vertical-align:middle}.lang-list-button i{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle}.no-js .lang-list-border,.no-js .lang-list-button{display:none}.lang-list-border{background-color:var(--border-color-subtle);display:block;position:relative;max-width:460px;width:80%;margin:-1.6rem auto 1.6rem;height:1px;transition:max-width .2s ease-out .4s}.lang-list-active .lang-list-border{max-width:85%;transition-delay:0s}.no-js .lang-list-content{padding:0}.lang-list-content{position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:1.6rem 1.6rem 0}.svg-arrow-down-blue{transition:transform .2s ease-out}.lang-list-active .svg-arrow-down-blue{transform:rotate(180deg)}.langlist{width:auto;margin:1.6rem 0;text-align:left}.langlist-others{font-weight:700;text-align:center}.hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.hlist li,.hlist ul ul{display:inline}.hlist li:before{content:" · ";font-weight:700}.hlist li:first-child:before{content:none}.hlist li>ul:before{content:"\00a0("}.hlist li>ul:after{content:") "}.langlist>ul{-webkit-column-width:11.2rem;-moz-column-width:11.2rem;column-width:11.2rem}.langlist>ul>li{display:block;line-height:1.7;-webkit-column-break-inside:avoid;page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid}.no-js .langlist>ul{text-align:center;list-style-type:circle}.no-js .langlist>ul>li{display:inline-block;padding:0 .8rem}.langlist>ul>li:before{content:none}.langlist>ul>li a{white-space:normal}@media (max-width:480px){.langlist{font-size:inherit}.langlist a{word-wrap:break-word;white-space:normal}.lang-list-container{width:auto;margin-left:.8rem;margin-right:.8rem}.bookshelf{overflow:visible}}.bookshelf{display:block;border-top:var(--border-subtle);box-shadow:0 -1px 0 var(--box-shadow-color-inverted);text-align:center;white-space:nowrap}.bookshelf .text{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle);position:relative;top:-1.12rem;font-weight:400;padding:0 .8rem}.bookshelf-container{display:block;overflow:visible;width:100%;height:1px;margin:2.4rem 0 1.6rem;font-size:1.3rem;font-weight:700;line-height:1.5}@media (max-width:480px){.bookshelf{width:auto;left:auto}.bookshelf-container{text-align:left;width:auto}}.app-badges .footer-sidebar-content{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle)}.app-badges .footer-sidebar-text{padding-top:.8rem;padding-bottom:.8rem}.app-badges .sprite.footer-sidebar-icon{top:.8rem}.app-badges ul{margin:0;padding:0;list-style-type:none}.app-badge{display:inline-block}.app-badge a{color:transparent}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.app-badges .footer-sidebar-content{text-align:center}.app-badges .sprite.footer-sidebar-icon{display:inline-block;position:relative;margin:0;top:-3px;left:0;vertical-align:middle;transform:scale(.7)}}.footer{overflow:hidden;max-width:100%;margin:0 auto;padding:4.16rem 1.28rem 0;font-size:1.3rem}.footer:after,.footer:before{content:" ";display:table}.footer:after{clear:both}.footer-sidebar{width:35%;float:left;clear:left;margin-bottom:3.2rem;vertical-align:top}.footer-sidebar-content{position:relative;max-width:350px;margin:0 auto}.sprite.footer-sidebar-icon{position:absolute;top:0;left:.8rem}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){.footer-sidebar-icon.sprite.svg-Wikimedia-logo_black{filter:url('data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><filter id="filter"><feComponentTransfer color-interpolation-filters="sRGB"><feFuncR type="table" tableValues="1 0" /><feFuncG type="table" tableValues="1 0" /><feFuncB type="table" tableValues="1 0" /></feComponentTransfer></filter></svg>#filter');-webkit-filter:invert(100%);filter:invert(100%)}}.footer-sidebar-text{position:relative;margin:0;padding-left:6rem;padding-right:2rem;color:var(--color-subtle)}.site-license{color:var(--color-subtle);text-align:center}.site-license small:after{content:"\2022";display:inline-block;font-size:1.3rem;line-height:inherit;margin-left:.8rem;margin-right:.5rem}.site-license small:last-child:after{display:none}.footer hr{margin-top:1.28rem}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.footer{display:flex;flex-direction:column;padding-top:1.28rem}.footer .footer-sidebar{order:1}.footer .other-projects{order:2}.footer .app-badges{order:3}.footer hr{order:4}.footer .site-license{order:5}.footer-sidebar{width:100%}.sprite.footer-sidebar-icon{display:block;position:relative;left:0;margin:0 auto 1.28rem}.footer-sidebar-content{max-width:none}.footer-sidebar-text{margin:0;padding:0;text-align:center}}@media screen and (max-width:480px){.footer{padding:.96rem .64rem 1.28rem}}@media (max-width:480px){.search-container{margin-top:0;height:7.8rem;position:absolute;top:9.6rem;left:0;right:0;max-width:100%;width:auto;padding:0;text-align:left}.search-container label{display:none}.search-form #searchInput{max-width:40%;vertical-align:middle}.search-form .formBtn{max-width:25%;vertical-align:middle}form fieldset{margin:0;border-left:0;border-right:0}hr{margin-top:.65rem}}@media (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio:2),(min--moz-device-pixel-ratio:2),(min-resolution:2dppx),(min-resolution:192dpi){hr{border-bottom-width:.5px}}@supports (-webkit-marquee-style:slide){hr{border-bottom-width:1px}}.js-enabled .central-featured,.js-enabled .jsl10n{opacity:0}.jsl10n-visible .central-featured,.jsl10n-visible .jsl10n{opacity:1}@media print{body{background-color:transparent}a{color:#000!important;background:none!important;padding:0!important}a:link,a:visited{color:var(--color-print--visited);background:transparent}img{border:0}}body{overflow-x:hidden}.banner,.banner *{box-sizing:border-box}.banner{display:none;position:relative;z-index:3}.banner.banner--visible{display:block}.banner__close{position:absolute;margin-top:-24px;margin-right:-24px;padding:12px;top:0;right:0;cursor:pointer;background:none;border:0}.banner__button{display:inline-block;border:1px solid;border-radius:var(--border-radius-base);padding:8px 12px;cursor:pointer;font-weight:700;white-space:nowrap;line-height:1;margin-top:8px}.banner__button,.banner__button:hover{text-decoration:none}.overlay-banner-main{max-width:500px;position:fixed;right:10px;bottom:20px;background:#fff;border-radius:10px 10px 0 0;width:calc(100% - 20px);padding:0 8px 8px;height:80vh;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;box-shadow:0 0 15px rgba(50,50,50,.25);transition:all .15s ease-in-out;transform-origin:100% 50%;transform:scale(.5);visibility:hidden;opacity:0}body.overlay-banner-open .overlay-banner-main{visibility:visible;opacity:1;transform:scale(1)}.overlay-banner-main-scroll{padding-bottom:16px;max-height:calc(100% - 42px);overflow:hidden auto;transition:max-height .5s}.overlay-banner-main .frb-header-minimize{top:-48px;position:absolute;right:10px;background:rgba(0,0,0,.75);border-radius:12px 12px 0 0;padding:6px 12px;color:#fff;font-weight:700;text-align:center;font-size:1.6rem;display:flex;align-items:center;cursor:pointer;width:48px;height:48px}.overlay-banner-main .frb-header-minimize-icon{width:40px;height:40px;display:flex;border-radius:2px;justify-content:center;align-items:center}.overlay-banner-main .frb-header-minimize-icon svg{filter:url('data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><filter id="filter"><feComponentTransfer color-interpolation-filters="sRGB"><feFuncR type="table" tableValues="1 0" /><feFuncG type="table" tableValues="1 0" /><feFuncB type="table" tableValues="1 0" /></feComponentTransfer></filter></svg>#filter');-webkit-filter:invert(1);filter:invert(1);width:25px;height:auto;margin-left:-2px}.overlay-banner-main-header{display:flex;width:100%;justify-content:center}.overlay-banner-main-header a{flex:1 0 auto;text-align:center;padding:11px 6px;border:0;background:transparent;color:#36c;font-weight:700;position:relative}.overlay-banner-main-header a:hover{text-decoration:underline;cursor:pointer}.overlay-banner-main-message{position:relative;clear:both;margin-bottom:12px;padding:10px 15px;background-color:#fbe2a2;color:#000;border-radius:1.5em;font-size:1.6rem;line-height:1.5}@media (min-width:720px){.overlay-banner-main-message{padding:12px 20px;font-size:1.7rem;line-height:1.5294117647}}.overlay-banner-main-message-greeting{font-size:1.5em;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;text-align:center;margin-top:8px}.overlay-banner-main-message-subheading{font-size:1.6rem;line-height:1.35;font-weight:700;text-align:center;margin-top:8px;margin-bottom:16px}.overlay-banner-main-message p{font-size:inherit!important;line-height:inherit!important;margin-bottom:16px}.overlay-banner-main .button-grid{width:100%;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:5px 1%}.overlay-banner-main .banner-button{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:center;width:100%;height:54px;color:#36c;background-color:#f8f9fa;border-radius:10px;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;text-align:center;cursor:pointer;transition:all .2s ease;font-weight:700;padding:5px 6px;line-height:1}.overlay-banner-main .banner-button:focus,.overlay-banner-main .banner-button:focus-within{border-color:#36c;box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px #36c,inset 0 0 0 2px #fff}.overlay-banner-main .button-33{flex:0 1 32%;max-width:32%}.overlay-banner-main .button-67{flex:0 1 65%;max-width:65%}.overlay-banner-main .button-50{flex:0 1 49%;max-width:49%}.overlay-banner-main .button-center{margin:0 auto}.overlay-banner-main .button-collapse{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:center;width:auto;height:54px;color:#000;font-weight:700;background:transparent;border:0;text-transform:uppercase;margin-top:15px;cursor:pointer}.overlay-banner-main .button-collapse:hover{text-decoration:underline}.overlay-banner-main .banner-button-disabled{opacity:.5;color:#a2a9b1}.overlay-banner-main .banner-button.selected{background-color:#36c;border-color:#2a4b8d;color:#fff}.overlay-banner-main-amounts,.overlay-banner-main-frequency{position:relative;background-color:#fdf2d5;padding:15px;border-radius:1.5em;margin-bottom:10px}.overlay-banner-main-amounts .error-highlight,.overlay-banner-main-frequency .error-highlight{font-weight:500}.overlay-banner-main-amounts .button-grid,.overlay-banner-main-frequency .button-grid{padding:18px 0 10px}.overlay-banner-main-footer-cta{margin:8px 0;background-color:#f9dde9;color:#000;padding:10px 18px;font-size:1.6rem;line-height:1.5;border-radius:1.5em}.frb-message-icon circle{fill:#b32424}.frb-message-icon path{fill:#fff}.overlay-banner-main-footer-identity{position:relative;clear:both;margin:20px 0 0;color:#000;border-radius:1.5em;line-height:1.3;display:flex;justify-content:center;padding:0 10px}.overlay-banner-main-footer-identity img{width:100%;max-width:110px;margin-right:10px}.overlay-banner-mini{position:fixed;right:0;left:0;bottom:-500px;z-index:9999;background:#fbe2a2;display:flex;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:center;border-top:2px solid #eeb533;box-shadow:0 -2px 10px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.25);transition:all .3s ease}.overlay-banner-mini.visible{bottom:-20px;right:0;left:0}.overlay-banner-mini .frb-conversation-close,.overlay-banner-mini .frb-conversation-open{top:-50px;position:absolute;right:10px;background:rgba(0,0,0,.75);border-radius:12px 12px 0 0;padding:6px 12px;color:#fff;font-weight:700;text-align:center;font-size:1.6rem;display:none;align-items:center;cursor:pointer;width:48px;height:48px}.overlay-banner-mini .frb-conversation-open{right:60px}span.frb-conversation-close-icon:after,span.frb-conversation-close-icon:before{position:absolute;left:50%;top:12px;transform:translateX(-50%);content:" ";height:25px;width:3px;margin-left:-1px;background-color:#fff}span.frb-conversation-close-icon:before{transform:rotate(45deg)}span.frb-conversation-close-icon:after{transform:rotate(-45deg)}.frb-conversation-open-icon{width:40px;height:40px;display:flex;border-radius:2px;justify-content:center;align-items:center}.frb-conversation-open-icon svg{transform:rotate(180deg);filter:url('data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><filter id="filter"><feComponentTransfer color-interpolation-filters="sRGB"><feFuncR type="table" tableValues="1 0" /><feFuncG type="table" tableValues="1 0" /><feFuncB type="table" tableValues="1 0" /></feComponentTransfer></filter></svg>#filter');-webkit-filter:invert(1);filter:invert(1);width:25px;height:auto}.overlay-banner-mini.visible .frb-conversation-close,.overlay-banner-mini.visible .frb-conversation-open{display:flex}.overlay-banner-mini-message{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;width:100%;padding:20px 20px 30px;cursor:pointer}.overlay-banner-mini-message-text{flex:0 1 1200px;max-width:1200px}@media (max-width:960px){.overlay-banner-mini-message{flex-wrap:wrap}.overlay-banner-mini-message-text{margin-bottom:10px}.overlay-banner-mini-message-actions,.overlay-banner-mini-message-text{flex:0 0 100%;max-width:100%}}.overlay-banner-mini-message h3{color:#000;margin:0 0 5px;font-size:2.4rem;font-family:Montserrat,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif}.overlay-banner-mini-message p{display:block;color:#000;position:relative;margin:0 13px 5px 0;font-size:1.7rem}.overlay-banner-mini .frb-message-icon{position:relative;top:0;margin-right:3px;flex:0 0 30px}.overlay-banner-mini .frb-message-icon circle{fill:#fefd34}.overlay-banner-mini .frb-message-icon path{fill:#000}.overlay-banner-mini .frb-submit{position:relative;display:inline-block;padding:10px 15px;margin:0;width:240px;background-color:#36c;border-color:#36c;color:#fff;border-radius:2px;text-align:center;font-weight:700;font-size:2rem;cursor:pointer;transition:background-color .5s ease}.overlay-banner-mini .frb-submit:hover{background:#049dff;border-color:#049dff;color:#000}.overlay-banner-mini .frb-submit:focus{border-color:var(--border-color-progressive--focus);box-shadow:var(--box-shadow-inset-small) var(--box-shadow-color-progressive--focus),var(--box-shadow-inset-medium) var(--box-shadow-color-inverted)}@media (max-width:660px){.overlay-banner-mini-message h3{font-size:2rem}.overlay-banner-mini-message p{font-size:1.3rem}.overlay-banner-mini .frb-submit{width:100%}}.banner .overlay-banner-main-message,.banner .overlay-banner-mini-message-text{display:none}.banner.banner-control .overlay-banner-control,.banner.banner-variant-1 .overlay-banner-variant-1,.banner.banner-variant-2 .overlay-banner-variant-2{display:block}.sr-only{border:0!important;clip:rect(1px,1px,1px,1px)!important;-webkit-clip-path:inset(50%)!important;clip-path:inset(50%)!important;height:1px!important;margin:-1px!important;overflow:hidden!important;padding:0!important;position:absolute!important;width:1px!important;white-space:nowrap!important}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){.overlay-banner-main,.overlay-banner-main .frb-header-minimize{background-color:#121212;border-color:#7f7b74}.frb-header-minimize.overlay-banner-toggle{border:1px solid #7f7b74;border-bottom:0}.overlay-banner-main-header a{color:#fc0}.overlay-banner-main-message-subheading{color:#ffe8a2}.overlay-banner-main-message{background-color:#3f3f3f;color:#fff}.overlay-banner-main-amounts,.overlay-banner-main-frequency{background-color:#282828}.overlay-banner-main .banner-button{color:#000;background-color:#8b8b8b;border:1px solid #8b8b8b}.overlay-banner-main .banner-button:focus,.overlay-banner-main .banner-button:hover{color:#000;background-color:#ffd13b;border:1px solid #ffd13b}.overlay-banner-main .banner-button:focus,.overlay-banner-main .banner-button:focus-within{border-color:#fff;box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px #fff,inset 0 0 0 2px #fff;outline:0}.overlay-banner-main .banner-button.selected{background-color:#fc0;border-color:#fc0;color:#000}.overlay-banner-main-footer-identity{color:#ffe8a2}.overlay-banner-main-footer-identity img{filter:url('data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><filter id="filter"><feComponentTransfer color-interpolation-filters="sRGB"><feFuncR type="table" tableValues="1 0" /><feFuncG type="table" tableValues="1 0" /><feFuncB type="table" tableValues="1 0" /></feComponentTransfer></filter></svg>#filter');-webkit-filter:invert(1);filter:invert(1)}.overlay-banner-main .button-collapse{color:#fc0}.overlay-banner-mini{background-color:#121212;border-color:#7f7b74}.overlay-banner-mini-message h3{color:#ffe8a2}.overlay-banner-mini-message p{color:#fff}.overlay-banner-mini .frb-message-icon circle{fill:#fc0}.overlay-banner-mini .frb-message-icon path{fill:#000}.overlay-banner-mini .frb-submit{color:#000;background-color:#8b8b8b;border:1px solid #8b8b8b}.overlay-banner-mini .frb-submit:focus,.overlay-banner-mini .frb-submit:hover{color:#000;background-color:#ffd13b;border:1px solid #ffd13b}.overlay-banner-mini .frb-submit:focus,.overlay-banner-mini .frb-submit:focus-within{border-color:#fff;box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px #fff,inset 0 0 0 2px #fff;outline:0}.overlay-banner-mini.visible .frb-conversation-close,.overlay-banner-mini.visible .frb-conversation-open{border:1px solid #7f7b74;border-bottom-color:#121212;background-color:#121212;top:-48px}.overlay-banner-main-footer-cta{background:#5a1e2d;color:#fff}.banner-gold .overlay-banner-main,.banner-gold .overlay-banner-main .frb-header-minimize{background-color:#121212;border-color:#7f7b74}.banner-gold .frb-header-minimize.overlay-banner-toggle{border:1px solid #7f7b74;border-bottom:0}.banner-gold .overlay-banner-main-header a{color:#fc0}.banner-gold .overlay-banner-main-message-subheading{color:#ffe8a2}.banner-gold .overlay-banner-main-message{background-color:#3f3f3f;color:#fff}.banner-gold .overlay-banner-main-amounts,.banner-gold .overlay-banner-main-frequency{background-color:#282828}.banner-gold .overlay-banner-main .banner-button{color:#000;background-color:#8b8b8b;border:1px solid #8b8b8b}.banner-gold .overlay-banner-main .banner-button:focus,.banner-gold .overlay-banner-main .banner-button:hover{color:#000;background-color:#ffd13b;border:1px solid #ffd13b}.banner-gold .overlay-banner-main .banner-button:focus,.banner-gold .overlay-banner-main .banner-button:focus-within{border-color:#fff;box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px #fff,inset 0 0 0 2px #fff;outline:0}.banner-gold .overlay-banner-main .banner-button.selected{background-color:#fc0;border-color:#fc0;color:#000}.banner-gold .overlay-banner-main-footer-identity{color:#ffe8a2}.banner-gold .overlay-banner-main-footer-identity img{filter:url('data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><filter id="filter"><feComponentTransfer color-interpolation-filters="sRGB"><feFuncR type="table" tableValues="1 0" /><feFuncG type="table" tableValues="1 0" /><feFuncB type="table" tableValues="1 0" /></feComponentTransfer></filter></svg>#filter');-webkit-filter:invert(1);filter:invert(1)}.banner-gold .overlay-banner-main .button-collapse{color:#fc0}.banner-gold .overlay-banner-mini{background-color:#121212;border-color:#7f7b74}.banner-gold .overlay-banner-mini-message h3{color:#ffe8a2}.banner-gold .overlay-banner-mini-message p{color:#fff}.banner-gold .overlay-banner-mini .frb-message-icon circle{fill:#fc0}.banner-gold .overlay-banner-mini .frb-message-icon path{fill:#000}.banner-gold .overlay-banner-mini .frb-submit{color:#000;background-color:#8b8b8b;border:1px solid #8b8b8b}.banner-gold .overlay-banner-mini .frb-submit:focus,.banner-gold .overlay-banner-mini .frb-submit:hover{color:#000;background-color:#ffd13b;border:1px solid #ffd13b}.banner-gold .overlay-banner-mini .frb-submit:focus,.banner-gold .overlay-banner-mini .frb-submit:focus-within{border-color:#fff;box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px #fff,inset 0 0 0 2px #fff;outline:0}.banner-gold .overlay-banner-mini.visible .frb-conversation-close,.banner-gold .overlay-banner-mini.visible .frb-conversation-open{border:1px solid #7f7b74;border-bottom-color:#121212;background-color:#121212;top:-48px}.banner-gold .overlay-banner-main-footer-cta{background:#5a1e2d;color:#fff}}
</style>
<link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org">
<link rel="me" href="https://wikis.world/@wikipedia">
<meta property="og:url" content>
<meta property="og:title" content="Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia">
<meta property="og:type" content="website">
<meta property="og:description" content="Wikipedia is a free online encyclopedia, created and edited by volunteers around the world and hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation.">
<meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/2244px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png">
</head>
<body id="www-wikipedia-org">
<main>
<div class="central-textlogo">
<img class="central-featured-logo" src="portal/wikipedia.org/assets/img/Wikipedia-logo-v2.png" srcset="portal/wikipedia.org/assets/img/Wikipedia-logo-v2@1.5x.png 1.5x, portal/wikipedia.org/assets/img/Wikipedia-logo-v2@2x.png 2x" width="200" height="183" alt>
<h1 class="central-textlogo-wrapper">
<span class="central-textlogo__image sprite svg-Wikipedia_wordmark">
Wikipedia
</span>
<strong class="jsl10n localized-slogan" data-jsl10n="portal.slogan">The Free Encyclopedia</strong>
</h1>
</div>
<nav data-jsl10n="top-ten-nav-label" aria-label="Top languages" class="central-featured" data-el-section="primary links">
<!-- #1. en.wikipedia.org - 1,651,658,000 views/day -->
<div class="central-featured-lang lang1" lang="en" dir="ltr">
<a id="js-link-box-en" href="//en.wikipedia.org/" title="English — Wikipedia — The Free Encyclopedia" class="link-box" data-slogan="The Free Encyclopedia">
<strong>English</strong>
<small>7,050,000+ <span>articles</span></small>
</a>
</div>
<!-- #2. ja.wikipedia.org - 213,092,000 views/day -->
<div class="central-featured-lang lang2" lang="ja" dir="ltr">
<a id="js-link-box-ja" href="//ja.wikipedia.org/" title="Nihongo — ウィキペディア — フリー百科事典" class="link-box" data-slogan="フリー百科事典">
<strong>日本語</strong>
<small>1,471,000+ <span>記事</span></small>
</a>
</div>
<!-- #3. ru.wikipedia.org - 170,921,000 views/day -->
<div class="central-featured-lang lang3" lang="ru" dir="ltr">
<a id="js-link-box-ru" href="//ru.wikipedia.org/" title="Russkiy — Википедия — Свободная энциклопедия" class="link-box" data-slogan="Свободная энциклопедия">
<strong>Русский</strong>
<small>2 061 000+ <span>статей</span></small>
</a>
</div>
<!-- #4. de.wikipedia.org - 167,859,000 views/day -->
<div class="central-featured-lang lang4" lang="de" dir="ltr">
<a id="js-link-box-de" href="//de.wikipedia.org/" title="Deutsch — Wikipedia — Die freie Enzyklopädie" class="link-box" data-slogan="Die freie Enzyklopädie">
<strong>Deutsch</strong>
<small>3.046.000+ <span>Artikel</span></small>
</a>
</div>
<!-- #5. fr.wikipedia.org - 146,049,000 views/day -->
<div class="central-featured-lang lang5" lang="fr" dir="ltr">
<a id="js-link-box-fr" href="//fr.wikipedia.org/" title="Français — Wikipédia — L’encyclopédie libre" class="link-box" data-slogan="L’encyclopédie libre">
<strong>Français</strong>
<small>2 706 000+ <span>articles</span></small>
</a>
</div>
<!-- #6. es.wikipedia.org - 139,328,000 views/day -->
<div class="central-featured-lang lang6" lang="es" dir="ltr">
<a id="js-link-box-es" href="//es.wikipedia.org/" title="Español — Wikipedia — La enciclopedia libre" class="link-box" data-slogan="La enciclopedia libre">
<strong>Español</strong>
<small>2.058.000+ <span>artículos</span></small>
</a>
</div>
<!-- #7. zh.wikipedia.org - 110,552,000 views/day -->
<div class="central-featured-lang lang7" lang="zh" dir="ltr">
<a id="js-link-box-zh" href="//zh.wikipedia.org/" title="Zhōngwén — 维基百科 / 維基百科 — 自由的百科全书 / 自由的百科全書" class="link-box localize-variant" data-slogan="自由的百科全书 / 自由的百科全書">
<strong>中文</strong>
<small>1,497,000+ <span>条目 / 條目</span></small>
</a>
</div>
<!-- #8. it.wikipedia.org - 104,698,000 views/day -->
<div class="central-featured-lang lang8" lang="it" dir="ltr">
<a id="js-link-box-it" href="//it.wikipedia.org/" title="Italiano — Wikipedia — L&#x27;enciclopedia libera" class="link-box" data-slogan="L&#x27;enciclopedia libera">
<strong>Italiano</strong>
<small>1.933.000+ <span>voci</span></small>
</a>
</div>
<!-- #9. pl.wikipedia.org - 44,820,000 views/day -->
<div class="central-featured-lang lang9" lang="pl" dir="ltr">
<a id="js-link-box-pl" href="//pl.wikipedia.org/" title="Polski — Wikipedia — Wolna encyklopedia" class="link-box" data-slogan="Wolna encyklopedia">
<strong>Polski</strong>
<small>1 667 000+ <span>haseł</span></small>
</a>
</div>
<!-- #10. pt.wikipedia.org - 44,197,000 views/day -->
<div class="central-featured-lang lang10" lang="pt" dir="ltr">
<a id="js-link-box-pt" href="//pt.wikipedia.org/" title="Português — Wikipédia — A Enciclopédia Livre" class="link-box" data-slogan="A Enciclopédia Livre">
<strong>Português</strong>
<small>1.154.000+ <span>artigos</span></small>
</a>
</div>
</nav>
<div role="search" class="search-container">
<form class="pure-form" id="search-form" action="//www.wikipedia.org/search-redirect.php" data-el-section="search">
<fieldset>
<input type="hidden" name="family" value="wikipedia">
<div class="search-input" id="search-input">
<label for="searchInput" class="screen-reader-text" data-jsl10n="portal.search-input-label">Search Wikipedia</label>
<input id="searchInput" name="search" type="search" size="20" autofocus="autofocus" accesskey="F" dir="auto" autocomplete="off">
<div class="styled-select no-js">
<div class="hide-arrow">
<select id="searchLanguage" name="language">
<option value="af" lang="af">Afrikaans</option>
<option value="sq" lang="sq">Shqip</option><!-- Anglisht -->
<option value="ar" lang="ar">العربية</option><!-- Al-ʿArabīyah -->
<option value="ast" lang="ast">Asturianu</option>
<option value="az" lang="az">Azərbaycanca</option>
<option value="bg" lang="bg">Български</option><!-- Bǎlgarski -->
<option value="nan" lang="nan">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</option><!-- Bân-lâm-gú -->
<option value="bn" lang="bn">বাংলা</option><!-- Bangla -->
<option value="be" lang="be">Беларуская</option><!-- Belaruskaya -->
<option value="ca" lang="ca">Català</option>
<option value="cs" lang="cs">Čeština</option>
<option value="cy" lang="cy">Cymraeg</option>
<option value="da" lang="da">Dansk</option>
<option value="de" lang="de">Deutsch</option>
<option value="et" lang="et">Eesti</option>
<option value="el" lang="el">Ελληνικά</option><!-- Ellīniká -->
<option value="en" lang="en" selected=selected>English</option><!-- English -->
<option value="es" lang="es">Español</option><!-- Español -->
<option value="eo" lang="eo">Esperanto</option>
<option value="eu" lang="eu">Euskara</option>
<option value="fa" lang="fa">فارسی</option><!-- Fārsi -->
<option value="fr" lang="fr">Français</option>
<option value="gl" lang="gl">Galego</option><!-- Galego -->
<option value="ko" lang="ko">한국어</option><!-- Hangugeo -->
<option value="hy" lang="hy">Հայերեն</option><!-- Hayeren -->
<option value="hi" lang="hi">हिन्दी</option><!-- Hindī -->
<option value="hr" lang="hr">Hrvatski</option>
<option value="id" lang="id">Bahasa Indonesia</option>
<option value="it" lang="it">Italiano</option>
<option value="he" lang="he">עברית</option><!-- Ivrit -->
<option value="ka" lang="ka">ქართული</option><!-- Kartuli -->
<option value="lld" lang="lld">Ladin</option>
<option value="la" lang="la">Latina</option>
<option value="lv" lang="lv">Latviešu</option>
<option value="lt" lang="lt">Lietuvių</option>
<option value="hu" lang="hu">Magyar</option>
<option value="mk" lang="mk">Македонски</option><!-- Makedonski -->
<option value="mg" lang="mg">Malagasy</option>
<option value="mr" lang="mr">मराठी</option><!-- Marathi -->
<option value="arz" lang="arz">مصرى</option><!-- Maṣrī -->
<option value="ms" lang="ms">Bahasa Melayu</option><!-- Bahasa Melayu -->
<option value="min" lang="min">Bahaso Minangkabau</option>
<option value="my" lang="my">မြန်မာဘာသာ</option><!-- Myanmarsar -->
<option value="nl" lang="nl">Nederlands</option>
<option value="ja" lang="ja">日本語</option><!-- Nihongo -->
<option value="no" lang="nb">Norsk (bokmål)</option>
<option value="nn" lang="nn">Norsk (nynorsk)</option>
<option value="ce" lang="ce">Нохчийн</option><!-- Noxçiyn -->
<option value="uz" lang="uz">Oʻzbekcha / Ўзбекча</option>
<option value="pl" lang="pl">Polski</option>
<option value="pt" lang="pt">Português</option>
<option value="kk" lang="kk">Қазақша / Qazaqşa / قازاقشا</option>
<option value="ro" lang="ro">Română</option>
<option value="simple" lang="en">Simple English</option>
<option value="ceb" lang="ceb">Sinugboanong Binisaya</option>
<option value="sk" lang="sk">Slovenčina</option>
<option value="sl" lang="sl">Slovenščina</option><!-- Slovenščina -->
<option value="sr" lang="sr">Српски / Srpski</option>
<option value="sh" lang="sh">Srpskohrvatski / Српскохрватски</option>
<option value="fi" lang="fi">Suomi</option>
<option value="sv" lang="sv">Svenska</option>
<option value="sw" lang="sw">Kiswahili</option>
<option value="ta" lang="ta">தமிழ்</option><!-- Tamiḻ -->
<option value="tt" lang="tt">Татарча / Tatarça</option>
<option value="te" lang="te">తెలుగు</option><!-- Telugu -->
<option value="th" lang="th">ภาษาไทย</option><!-- Phasa Thai -->
<option value="tg" lang="tg">Тоҷикӣ</option><!-- Tojikī -->
<option value="azb" lang="azb">تۆرکجه</option><!-- Türkce -->
<option value="tr" lang="tr">Türkçe</option>
<option value="uk" lang="uk">Українська</option><!-- Ukrayins’ka -->
<option value="ur" lang="ur">اردو</option><!-- Urdu -->
<option value="vi" lang="vi">Tiếng Việt</option>
<option value="war" lang="war">Winaray</option>
<option value="zh" lang="zh">中文</option><!-- Zhōngwén -->
<option value="ru" lang="ru">Русский</option><!-- Russkiy -->
<option value="yue" lang="yue">粵語</option>
</select>
<div class="styled-select-active-helper"></div>
</div>
<i class="sprite svg-arrow-down"></i>
</div>
</div>
<button class="pure-button pure-button-primary-progressive" type="submit">
<i class="sprite svg-search-icon" data-jsl10n="search-input-button">Search</i>
</button>
<input type="hidden" value="Go" name="go">
</fieldset>
</form>
</div>
<nav data-jsl10n="all-languages-nav-label" aria-label="All languages">
<div class="lang-list-button-wrapper">
<button id="js-lang-list-button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="js-lang-lists" class="lang-list-button">
<i class="sprite svg-language-icon"></i>
<span class="lang-list-button-text jsl10n" data-jsl10n="portal.language-button-text">Read Wikipedia in your language </span>
<i class="sprite svg-arrow-down-blue"></i>
</button>
</div>
<div class="lang-list-border"></div>
<div class="lang-list-container">
<div id="js-lang-lists" class="lang-list-content">
<h2 class="bookshelf-container">
<span class="bookshelf">
<span class="text">
<bdi dir="ltr">
1,000,000+
</bdi>
<span class="jsl10n" data-jsl10n="entries">
articles
</span>
</span>
</span>
</h2>
<div class="langlist langlist-large hlist" data-el-section="secondary links">
<ul>
<li><a href="//ar.wikipedia.org/" lang="ar" title="Al-ʿArabīyah"><bdi dir="rtl">العربية</bdi></a></li>
<li><a href="//de.wikipedia.org/" lang="de">Deutsch</a></li>
<li><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/" lang="en" title="English">English</a></li>
<li><a href="//es.wikipedia.org/" lang="es" title="Español">Español</a></li>
<li><a href="//fa.wikipedia.org/" lang="fa" title="Fārsi"><bdi dir="rtl">فارسی</bdi></a></li>
<li><a href="//fr.wikipedia.org/" lang="fr">Français</a></li>
<li><a href="//it.wikipedia.org/" lang="it">Italiano</a></li>
<li><a href="//arz.wikipedia.org/" lang="arz" title="Maṣrī"><bdi dir="rtl">مصرى</bdi></a></li>
<li><a href="//nl.wikipedia.org/" lang="nl">Nederlands</a></li>
<li><a href="//ja.wikipedia.org/" lang="ja" title="Nihongo">日本語</a></li>
<li><a href="//pl.wikipedia.org/" lang="pl">Polski</a></li>
<li><a href="//pt.wikipedia.org/" lang="pt">Português</a></li>
<li><a href="//ceb.wikipedia.org/" lang="ceb">Sinugboanong Binisaya</a></li>
<li><a href="//sv.wikipedia.org/" lang="sv">Svenska</a></li>
<li><a href="//uk.wikipedia.org/" lang="uk" title="Ukrayins’ka">Українська</a></li>
<li><a href="//vi.wikipedia.org/" lang="vi">Tiếng Việt</a></li>
<li><a href="//war.wikipedia.org/" lang="war">Winaray</a></li>
<li><a href="//zh.wikipedia.org/" lang="zh" title="Zhōngwén">中文</a></li>
<li><a href="//ru.wikipedia.org/" lang="ru" title="Russkiy">Русский</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2 class="bookshelf-container">
<span class="bookshelf">
<span class="text">
<bdi dir="ltr">
100,000+
</bdi>
<span class="jsl10n" data-jsl10n="portal.entries">
articles
</span>
</span>
</span>
</h2>
<div class="langlist langlist-large hlist" data-el-section="secondary links">
<ul>
<li><a href="//af.wikipedia.org/" lang="af">Afrikaans</a></li>
<li><a href="//sq.wikipedia.org/" lang="sq" title="Anglisht">Shqip</a></li>
<li><a href="//ast.wikipedia.org/" lang="ast">Asturianu</a></li>
<li><a href="//az.wikipedia.org/" lang="az">Azərbaycanca</a></li>
<li><a href="//bg.wikipedia.org/" lang="bg" title="Bǎlgarski">Български</a></li>
<li><a href="//zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/" lang="nan" title="Bân-lâm-gú">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li>
<li><a href="//bn.wikipedia.org/" lang="bn" title="Bangla">বাংলা</a></li>
<li><a href="//be.wikipedia.org/" lang="be" title="Belaruskaya">Беларуская</a></li>
<li><a href="//ca.wikipedia.org/" lang="ca">Català</a></li>
<li><a href="//cs.wikipedia.org/" lang="cs">Čeština</a></li>
<li><a href="//cy.wikipedia.org/" lang="cy">Cymraeg</a></li>
<li><a href="//da.wikipedia.org/" lang="da">Dansk</a></li>
<li><a href="//et.wikipedia.org/" lang="et">Eesti</a></li>
<li><a href="//el.wikipedia.org/" lang="el" title="Ellīniká">Ελληνικά</a></li>
<li><a href="//eo.wikipedia.org/" lang="eo">Esperanto</a></li>
<li><a href="//eu.wikipedia.org/" lang="eu">Euskara</a></li>
<li><a href="//gl.wikipedia.org/" lang="gl" title="Galego">Galego</a></li>
<li><a href="//ko.wikipedia.org/" lang="ko" title="Hangugeo">한국어</a></li>
<li><a href="//hy.wikipedia.org/" lang="hy" title="Hayeren">Հայերեն</a></li>
<li><a href="//hi.wikipedia.org/" lang="hi" title="Hindī">हिन्दी</a></li>
<li><a href="//hr.wikipedia.org/" lang="hr">Hrvatski</a></li>
<li><a href="//id.wikipedia.org/" lang="id">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li>
<li><a href="//he.wikipedia.org/" lang="he" title="Ivrit"><bdi dir="rtl">עברית</bdi></a></li>
<li><a href="//ka.wikipedia.org/" lang="ka" title="Kartuli">ქართული</a></li>
<li><a href="//lld.wikipedia.org/" lang="lld">Ladin</a></li>
<li><a href="//la.wikipedia.org/" lang="la">Latina</a></li>
<li><a href="//lv.wikipedia.org/" lang="lv">Latviešu</a></li>
<li><a href="//lt.wikipedia.org/" lang="lt">Lietuvių</a></li>
<li><a href="//hu.wikipedia.org/" lang="hu">Magyar</a></li>
<li><a href="//mk.wikipedia.org/" lang="mk" title="Makedonski">Македонски</a></li>
<li><a href="//mg.wikipedia.org/" lang="mg">Malagasy</a></li>
<li><a href="//mr.wikipedia.org/" lang="mr" title="Marathi">मराठी</a></li>
<li><a href="//ms.wikipedia.org/" lang="ms" title="Bahasa Melayu">Bahasa Melayu</a></li>
<li><a href="//min.wikipedia.org/" lang="min">Bahaso Minangkabau</a></li>
<li><a href="//my.wikipedia.org/" lang="my" title="Myanmarsar">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li>
<li lang="no">Norsk<ul><li><a href="//no.wikipedia.org/" lang="nb">bokmål</a></li><li><a href="//nn.wikipedia.org/" lang="nn">nynorsk</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="//ce.wikipedia.org/" lang="ce" title="Noxçiyn">Нохчийн</a></li>
<li><a href="//uz.wikipedia.org/" lang="uz">Oʻzbekcha / Ўзбекча</a></li>
<li><a href="//kk.wikipedia.org/" lang="kk"><span lang="kk-Cyrl">Қазақша</span> / <span lang="kk-Latn">Qazaqşa</span> / <bdi lang="kk-Arab" dir="rtl">قازاقشا</bdi></a></li>
<li><a href="//ro.wikipedia.org/" lang="ro">Română</a></li>
<li><a href="//simple.wikipedia.org/" lang="en">Simple English</a></li>
<li><a href="//sk.wikipedia.org/" lang="sk">Slovenčina</a></li>
<li><a href="//sl.wikipedia.org/" lang="sl" title="Slovenščina">Slovenščina</a></li>
<li><a href="//sr.wikipedia.org/" lang="sr">Српски / Srpski</a></li>
<li><a href="//sh.wikipedia.org/" lang="sh">Srpskohrvatski / Српскохрватски</a></li>
<li><a href="//fi.wikipedia.org/" lang="fi">Suomi</a></li>
<li><a href="//sw.wikipedia.org/" lang="sw">Kiswahili</a></li>
<li><a href="//ta.wikipedia.org/" lang="ta" title="Tamiḻ">தமிழ்</a></li>
<li><a href="//tt.wikipedia.org/" lang="tt">Татарча / Tatarça</a></li>
<li><a href="//te.wikipedia.org/" lang="te" title="Telugu">తెలుగు</a></li>
<li><a href="//th.wikipedia.org/" lang="th" title="Phasa Thai">ภาษาไทย</a></li>
<li><a href="//tg.wikipedia.org/" lang="tg" title="Tojikī">Тоҷикӣ</a></li>
<li><a href="//azb.wikipedia.org/" lang="azb" title="Türkce"><bdi dir="rtl">تۆرکجه</bdi></a></li>
<li><a href="//tr.wikipedia.org/" lang="tr">Türkçe</a></li>
<li><a href="//ur.wikipedia.org/" lang="ur" title="Urdu"><bdi dir="rtl">اردو</bdi></a></li>
<li><a href="//zh-yue.wikipedia.org/" lang="yue">粵語</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2 class="bookshelf-container">
<span class="bookshelf">
<span class="text">
<bdi dir="ltr">
10,000+
</bdi>
<span class="jsl10n" data-jsl10n="portal.entries">
articles
</span>
</span>
</span>
</h2>
<div class="langlist hlist" data-el-section="secondary links">
<ul>
<li><a href="//ace.wikipedia.org/" lang="ace">Bahsa Acèh</a></li>
<li><a href="//als.wikipedia.org/" lang="gsw">Alemannisch</a></li>
<li><a href="//am.wikipedia.org/" lang="am" title="Āmariññā">አማርኛ</a></li>
<li><a href="//an.wikipedia.org/" lang="an">Aragonés</a></li>
<li><a href="//hyw.wikipedia.org/" lang="hyw" title="Arevmdahayeren">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li>
<li><a href="//gor.wikipedia.org/" lang="gor">Bahasa Hulontalo</a></li>
<li><a href="//ban.wikipedia.org/" lang="ban" title="Basa Bali">Basa Bali</a></li>
<li><a href="//bjn.wikipedia.org/" lang="bjn">Bahasa Banjar</a></li>
<li><a href="//map-bms.wikipedia.org/" lang="map-x-bms">Basa Banyumasan</a></li>
<li><a href="//ba.wikipedia.org/" lang="ba" title="Başqortsa">Башҡортса</a></li>
<li><a href="//be-tarask.wikipedia.org/" lang="be-tarask" title="Bielaruskaja (taraškievica)">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li>
<li><a href="//bcl.wikipedia.org/" lang="bcl">Bikol Central</a></li>
<li><a href="//bpy.wikipedia.org/" lang="bpy" title="Bishnupriya Manipuri">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li>
<li><a href="//bar.wikipedia.org/" lang="bar">Boarisch</a></li>
<li><a href="//bs.wikipedia.org/" lang="bs">Bosanski</a></li>
<li><a href="//br.wikipedia.org/" lang="br">Brezhoneg</a></li>
<li><a href="//cv.wikipedia.org/" lang="cv" title="Čăvašla">Чӑвашла</a></li>
<li><a href="//dag.wikipedia.org/" lang="dag">Dagbanli</a></li>
<li><a href="//ary.wikipedia.org/" lang="ary" title="Darija"><bdi dir="rtl">الدارجة</bdi></a></li>
<li><a href="//nv.wikipedia.org/" lang="nv">Diné Bizaad</a></li>
<li><a href="//eml.wikipedia.org/" lang="roa-x-eml">Emigliàn–Rumagnòl</a></li>
<li><a href="//hif.wikipedia.org/" lang="hif">Fiji Hindi</a></li>
<li><a href="//fo.wikipedia.org/" lang="fo">Føroyskt</a></li>
<li><a href="//fy.wikipedia.org/" lang="fy">Frysk</a></li>
<li><a href="//ff.wikipedia.org/" lang="ff">Fulfulde</a></li>
<li><a href="//ga.wikipedia.org/" lang="ga">Gaeilge</a></li>
<li><a href="//gd.wikipedia.org/" lang="gd">Gàidhlig</a></li>
<li><a href="//glk.wikipedia.org/" lang="glk" title="Giləki"><bdi dir="rtl">گیلکی</bdi></a></li>
<li><a href="//gu.wikipedia.org/" lang="gu" title="Gujarati">ગુજરાતી</a></li>
<li><a href="//hak.wikipedia.org/" lang="hak">Hak-kâ-ngî / 客家語</a></li>
<li><a href="//ha.wikipedia.org/" lang="ha">Hausa</a></li>
<li><a href="//hsb.wikipedia.org/" lang="hsb">Hornjoserbsce</a></li>
<li><a href="//io.wikipedia.org/" lang="io">Ido</a></li>
<li><a href="//ig.wikipedia.org/" lang="ig">Igbo</a></li>
<li><a href="//ilo.wikipedia.org/" lang="ilo">Ilokano</a></li>
<li><a href="//ia.wikipedia.org/" lang="ia">Interlingua</a></li>
<li><a href="//ie.wikipedia.org/" lang="ie">Interlingue</a></li>
<li><a href="//os.wikipedia.org/" lang="os" title="Iron">Ирон</a></li>
<li><a href="//is.wikipedia.org/" lang="is">Íslenska</a></li>
<li><a href="//jv.wikipedia.org/" lang="jv">Jawa</a></li>
<li><a href="//kn.wikipedia.org/" lang="kn" title="Kannada">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li>
<li><a href="//pam.wikipedia.org/" lang="pam">Kapampangan</a></li>
<li><a href="//km.wikipedia.org/" lang="km" title="Phéasa Khmér">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li>
<li><a href="//avk.wikipedia.org/" lang="avk">Kotava</a></li>
<li><a href="//ht.wikipedia.org/" lang="ht">Kreyòl Ayisyen</a></li>
<li><a href="//ku.wikipedia.org/" lang="ku"><span lang="ku-Latn">Kurdî</span> / <bdi lang="ku-Arab" dir="rtl">كوردی</bdi></a></li>
<li><a href="//ckb.wikipedia.org/" lang="ckb" title="Kurdîy Nawendî"><bdi dir="rtl">کوردیی ناوەندی</bdi></a></li>
<li><a href="//ky.wikipedia.org/" lang="ky" title="Kyrgyzča">Кыргызча</a></li>
<li><a href="//mrj.wikipedia.org/" lang="mjr" title="Kyryk Mary">Кырык мары</a></li>
<li><a href="//lb.wikipedia.org/" lang="lb">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li>
<li><a href="//lij.wikipedia.org/" lang="lij">Lìgure</a></li>
<li><a href="//li.wikipedia.org/" lang="li">Limburgs</a></li>
<li><a href="//lmo.wikipedia.org/" lang="lmo">Lombard</a></li>
<li><a href="//mai.wikipedia.org/" lang="mai" title="Maithilī">मैथिली</a></li>
<li><a href="//ml.wikipedia.org/" lang="ml" title="Malayalam">മലയാളം</a></li>
<li><a href="//xmf.wikipedia.org/" lang="xmf" title="Margaluri">მარგალური</a></li>
<li><a href="//mzn.wikipedia.org/" lang="mzn" title="Mäzeruni"><bdi dir="rtl">مازِرونی</bdi></a></li>
<li><a href="//cdo.wikipedia.org/" lang="cdo" title="Ming-deng-ngu">Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ / 閩東語</a></li>
<li><a href="//mn.wikipedia.org/" lang="mn" title="Mongol">Монгол</a></li>
<li><a href="//nap.wikipedia.org/" lang="nap">Napulitano</a></li>
<li><a href="//new.wikipedia.org/" lang="new" title="Nepal Bhasa">नेपाल भाषा</a></li>
<li><a href="//ne.wikipedia.org/" lang="ne" title="Nepālī">नेपाली</a></li>
<li><a href="//frr.wikipedia.org/" lang="frr">Nordfriisk</a></li>
<li><a href="//oc.wikipedia.org/" lang="oc">Occitan</a></li>
<li><a href="//mhr.wikipedia.org/" lang="mhr" title="Olyk Marij">Олык марий</a></li>
<li><a href="//or.wikipedia.org/" lang="or" title="Oṛiā">ଓଡି଼ଆ</a></li>
<li><a href="//as.wikipedia.org/" lang="as" title="Ôxômiya">অসমীযা়</a></li>
<li><a href="//pa.wikipedia.org/" lang="pa" title="Pañjābī (Gurmukhī)">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li>
<li><a href="//pnb.wikipedia.org/" lang="pnb" title="Pañjābī (Shāhmukhī)"><bdi dir="rtl">پنجابی (شاہ مکھی)</bdi></a></li>
<li><a href="//ps.wikipedia.org/" lang="ps" title="Paʂto"><bdi dir="rtl">پښتو</bdi></a></li>
<li><a href="//pms.wikipedia.org/" lang="pms">Piemontèis</a></li>
<li><a href="//nds.wikipedia.org/" lang="nds">Plattdüütsch</a></li>
<li><a href="//kaa.wikipedia.org/" lang="kaa">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li>
<li><a href="//crh.wikipedia.org/" lang="crh">Qırımtatarca</a></li>
<li><a href="//qu.wikipedia.org/" lang="qu">Runa Simi</a></li>
<li><a href="//rue.wikipedia.org/" lang="rue" title="Rusin’skyj">Русиньскый</a></li>
<li><a href="//sa.wikipedia.org/" lang="sa" title="Saṃskṛtam">संस्कृतम्</a></li>
<li><a href="//sat.wikipedia.org/" lang="sat" title="Santali">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li>
<li><a href="//skr.wikipedia.org/" lang="skr" title="Saraiki">سرائیکی</a></li>
<li><a href="//sah.wikipedia.org/" lang="sah" title="Saxa Tyla">Саха Тыла</a></li>
<li><a href="//sco.wikipedia.org/" lang="sco">Scots</a></li>
<li><a href="//sn.wikipedia.org/" lang="sn">ChiShona</a></li>
<li><a href="//scn.wikipedia.org/" lang="scn">Sicilianu</a></li>
<li><a href="//si.wikipedia.org/" lang="si" title="Siṃhala">සිංහල</a></li>
<li><a href="//sd.wikipedia.org/" lang="sd" title="Sindhī"><bdi dir="rtl">سنڌي</bdi></a></li>
<li><a href="//szl.wikipedia.org/" lang="szl">Ślůnski</a></li>
<li><a href="//su.wikipedia.org/" lang="su">Basa Sunda</a></li>
<li><a href="//shi.wikipedia.org/" lang="shi">Taclḥit</a></li>
<li><a href="//tl.wikipedia.org/" lang="tl">Tagalog</a></li>
<li><a href="//shn.wikipedia.org/" lang="shn">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး</a></li>
<li><a href="//zgh.wikipedia.org/" lang="zgh" title="Tamazight tanawayt">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li>
<li><a href="//tum.wikipedia.org/" lang="tum">chiTumbuka</a></li>
<li><a href="//bug.wikipedia.org/" lang="bug">Basa Ugi</a></li>
<li><a href="//vec.wikipedia.org/" lang="vec">Vèneto</a></li>
<li><a href="//vo.wikipedia.org/" lang="vo">Volapük</a></li>
<li><a href="//wa.wikipedia.org/" lang="wa">Walon</a></li>
<li><a href="//zh-classical.wikipedia.org/" lang="lzh" title="Wényán">文言</a></li>
<li><a href="//wuu.wikipedia.org/" lang="wuu" title="Wúyǔ">吴语</a></li>
<li><a href="//yi.wikipedia.org/" lang="yi" title="Yidiš"><bdi dir="rtl">ייִדיש</bdi></a></li>
<li><a href="//yo.wikipedia.org/" lang="yo">Yorùbá</a></li>
<li><a href="//diq.wikipedia.org/" lang="diq">Zazaki</a></li>
<li><a href="//bat-smg.wikipedia.org/" lang="sgs">žemaitėška</a></li>
<li><a href="//zu.wikipedia.org/" lang="zu">isiZulu</a></li>
<li><a href="//mni.wikipedia.org/" lang="mni">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2 class="bookshelf-container">
<span class="bookshelf">
<span class="text">
<bdi dir="ltr">
1,000+
</bdi>
<span class="jsl10n" data-jsl10n="portal.entries">
articles
</span>
</span>
</span>
</h2>
<div class="langlist hlist" data-el-section="secondary links">
<ul>
<li><a href="//lad.wikipedia.org/" lang="lad"><span lang="lad-Latn">Dzhudezmo</span> / <bdi lang="lad-Hebr" dir="rtl">לאדינו</bdi></a></li>
<li><a href="//kbd.wikipedia.org/" lang="kbd" title="Adighabze">Адыгэбзэ</a></li>
<li><a href="//ang.wikipedia.org/" lang="ang">Ænglisc</a></li>
<li><a href="//smn.wikipedia.org/" lang="smn" title="Anarâškielâ">Anarâškielâ</a></li>
<li><a href="//anp.wikipedia.org/" lang="anp" title="Angika">अंगिका</a></li>
<li><a href="//ab.wikipedia.org/" lang="ab" title="Aṗsshwa">Аԥсшәа</a></li>
<li><a href="//roa-rup.wikipedia.org/" lang="rup">armãneashti</a></li>
<li><a href="//frp.wikipedia.org/" lang="frp">Arpitan</a></li>
<li><a href="//atj.wikipedia.org/" lang="atj">atikamekw</a></li>
<li><a href="//arc.wikipedia.org/" lang="arc" title="Ātûrāyâ"><bdi dir="rtl">ܐܬܘܪܝܐ</bdi></a></li>
<li><a href="//gn.wikipedia.org/" lang="gn">Avañe’ẽ</a></li>
<li><a href="//av.wikipedia.org/" lang="av" title="Avar">Авар</a></li>
<li><a href="//ay.wikipedia.org/" lang="ay">Aymar</a></li>
<li><a href="//bbc.wikipedia.org/" lang="bbc">Batak Toba</a></li>
<li><a href="//bew.wikipedia.org/" lang="bew">Betawi</a></li>
<li><a href="//bh.wikipedia.org/" lang="bh" title="Bhōjapurī">भोजपुरी</a></li>
<li><a href="//bi.wikipedia.org/" lang="bi">Bislama</a></li>
<li><a href="//bo.wikipedia.org/" lang="bo" title="Bod Skad">བོད་ཡིག</a></li>
<li><a href="//bxr.wikipedia.org/" lang="bxr" title="Buryad">Буряад</a></li>
<li><a href="//cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/" lang="cbk-x-zam">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li>
<li><a href="//ny.wikipedia.org/" lang="ny">Chichewa</a></li>
<li><a href="//co.wikipedia.org/" lang="co">Corsu</a></li>
<li><a href="//za.wikipedia.org/" lang="za">Vahcuengh / 話僮</a></li>
<li><a href="//dga.wikipedia.org/" lang="dga">Dagaare</a></li>
<li><a href="//se.wikipedia.org/" lang="se" title="Davvisámegiella">Davvisámegiella</a></li>
<li><a href="//pdc.wikipedia.org/" lang="pdc">Deitsch</a></li>
<li><a href="//dv.wikipedia.org/" lang="dv" title="Divehi"><bdi dir="rtl">ދިވެހިބަސް</bdi></a></li>
<li><a href="//dsb.wikipedia.org/" lang="dsb">Dolnoserbski</a></li>
<li><a href="//dtp.wikipedia.org/" lang="dtp">Dusun Bundu-liwan</a></li>
<li><a href="//myv.wikipedia.org/" lang="myv" title="Erzjanj">Эрзянь</a></li>
<li><a href="//ext.wikipedia.org/" lang="ext">Estremeñu</a></li>
<li><a href="//ee.wikipedia.org/" lang="ee">Eʋegbe</a></li>
<li><a href="//gur.wikipedia.org/" lang="gur">Farefare</a></li>
<li><a href="//fon.wikipedia.org/" lang="fon">Fɔ̀ngbè</a></li>
<li><a href="//fur.wikipedia.org/" lang="fur">Furlan</a></li>
<li><a href="//gv.wikipedia.org/" lang="gv">Gaelg</a></li>
<li><a href="//gag.wikipedia.org/" lang="gag">Gagauz</a></li>
<li><a href="//inh.wikipedia.org/" lang="inh" title="Ghalghai">ГӀалгӀай</a></li>
<li><a href="//gpe.wikipedia.org/" lang="gpe">Ghanaian Pidgin</a></li>
<li><a href="//ki.wikipedia.org/" lang="ki">Gĩkũyũ</a></li>
<li><a href="//gan.wikipedia.org/" lang="gan" title="Gon ua" data-hans="赣语" data-hant="贛語" class="jscnconv">赣语 / 贛語</a></li>
<li><a href="//guw.wikipedia.org/" lang="guw">Gungbe</a></li>
<li><a href="//xal.wikipedia.org/" lang="xal" title="Halʹmg">Хальмг</a></li>
<li><a href="//haw.wikipedia.org/" lang="haw">ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi</a></li>
<li><a href="//rw.wikipedia.org/" lang="rw">Ikinyarwanda</a></li>
<li><a href="//iba.wikipedia.org/" lang="iba">Jaku Iban</a></li>
<li><a href="//kbp.wikipedia.org/" lang="kbp">Kabɩyɛ</a></li>
<li><a href="//knc.wikipedia.org/" lang="knc">Yerwa Kanuri</a></li>
<li><a href="//csb.wikipedia.org/" lang="csb">Kaszëbsczi</a></li>
<li><a href="//kw.wikipedia.org/" lang="kw">Kernewek</a></li>
<li><a href="//kv.wikipedia.org/" lang="kv" title="Komi">Коми</a></li>
<li><a href="//koi.wikipedia.org/" lang="koi" title="Perem Komi">Перем коми</a></li>
<li><a href="//kg.wikipedia.org/" lang="kg">Kongo</a></li>
<li><a href="//gom.wikipedia.org/" lang="gom">कोंकणी / Konknni</a></li>
<li><a href="//ks.wikipedia.org/" lang="ks" title="Koshur"><bdi dir="rtl">كٲشُر</bdi></a></li>
<li><a href="//gcr.wikipedia.org/" lang="gcr">Kriyòl Gwiyannen</a></li>
<li><a href="//kge.wikipedia.org/" lang="kge">Kumoring</a></li>
<li><a href="//kus.wikipedia.org/" lang="kus">Kʋsaal</a></li>
<li><a href="//lo.wikipedia.org/" lang="lo" title="Phaasaa Laao">ພາສາລາວ</a></li>
<li><a href="//lbe.wikipedia.org/" lang="lbe" title="Lakku">Лакку</a></li>
<li><a href="//ltg.wikipedia.org/" lang="ltg">Latgaļu</a></li>
<li><a href="//lez.wikipedia.org/" lang="lez" title="Lezgi">Лезги</a></li>
<li><a href="//nia.wikipedia.org/" lang="nia">Li Niha</a></li>
<li><a href="//ln.wikipedia.org/" lang="ln">Lingála</a></li>
<li><a href="//lfn.wikipedia.org/" lang="lfn">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li>
<li><a href="//olo.wikipedia.org/" lang="olo">livvinkarjala</a></li>
<li><a href="//jbo.wikipedia.org/" lang="jbo">lojban</a></li>
<li><a href="//lg.wikipedia.org/" lang="lg">Luganda</a></li>
<li><a href="//mad.wikipedia.org/" lang="mad">Madhurâ</a></li>
<li><a href="//mt.wikipedia.org/" lang="mt">Malti</a></li>
<li><a href="//btm.wikipedia.org/" lang="btm">Mandailing</a></li>
<li><a href="//mi.wikipedia.org/" lang="mi">Māori</a></li>
<li><a href="//fat.wikipedia.org/" lang="fat">Mfantse</a></li>
<li><a href="//mwl.wikipedia.org/" lang="mwl">Mirandés</a></li>
<li><a href="//mdf.wikipedia.org/" lang="mdf" title="Mokšenj">Мокшень</a></li>
<li><a href="//mnw.wikipedia.org/" lang="mnw">ဘာသာ မန်</a></li>
<li><a href="//mos.wikipedia.org/" lang="mos">Moore</a></li>
<li><a href="//nqo.wikipedia.org/" lang="nqo" title="N&#x27;Ko">ߒߞߏ</a></li>
<li><a href="//fj.wikipedia.org/" lang="fj">Na Vosa Vaka-Viti</a></li>
<li><a href="//nah.wikipedia.org/" lang="nah">Nāhuatlahtōlli</a></li>
<li><a href="//pcm.wikipedia.org/" lang="pcm">Naijá</a></li>
<li><a href="//nds-nl.wikipedia.org/" lang="nds-nl">Nedersaksisch</a></li>
<li><a href="//nrm.wikipedia.org/" lang="roa-x-nrm">Nouormand / Normaund</a></li>
<li><a href="//nov.wikipedia.org/" lang="nov">Novial</a></li>
<li><a href="//om.wikipedia.org/" lang="om">Afaan Oromoo</a></li>
<li><a href="//blk.wikipedia.org/" lang="blk">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li>
<li><a href="//pi.wikipedia.org/" lang="pi" title="Pāḷi">पालि</a></li>
<li><a href="//pag.wikipedia.org/" lang="pag">Pangasinán</a></li>
<li><a href="//ami.wikipedia.org/" lang="ami">Pangcah</a></li>
<li><a href="//pap.wikipedia.org/" lang="pap">Papiamentu</a></li>
<li><a href="//jam.wikipedia.org/" lang="jam">Patois</a></li>
<li><a href="//pfl.wikipedia.org/" lang="pfl">Pfälzisch</a></li>
<li><a href="//pcd.wikipedia.org/" lang="pcd">Picard</a></li>
<li><a href="//krc.wikipedia.org/" lang="krc" title="Qaraçay–Malqar">Къарачай–малкъар</a></li>
<li><a href="//ksh.wikipedia.org/" lang="ksh">Ripoarisch</a></li>
<li><a href="//rm.wikipedia.org/" lang="rm">Rumantsch</a></li>
<li><a href="//szy.wikipedia.org/" lang="szy">Sakizaya</a></li>
<li><a href="//sm.wikipedia.org/" lang="sm">Gagana Sāmoa</a></li>
<li><a href="//sc.wikipedia.org/" lang="sc">Sardu</a></li>
<li><a href="//trv.wikipedia.org/" lang="trv">Seediq</a></li>
<li><a href="//stq.wikipedia.org/" lang="stq">Seeltersk</a></li>
<li><a href="//st.wikipedia.org/" lang="st">Sesotho</a></li>
<li><a href="//nso.wikipedia.org/" lang="nso">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li>
<li><a href="//tn.wikipedia.org/" lang="tn">Setswana</a></li>
<li><a href="//syl.wikipedia.org/" lang="syl" title="Silôṭi">ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ</a></li>
<li><a href="//cu.wikipedia.org/" lang="cu" title="Slověnĭskŭ">Словѣ́ньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li>
<li><a href="//so.wikipedia.org/" lang="so">Soomaaliga</a></li>
<li><a href="//srn.wikipedia.org/" lang="srn">Sranantongo</a></li>
<li><a href="//ss.wikipedia.org/" lang="ss">SiSwati</a></li>
<li><a href="//ty.wikipedia.org/" lang="ty">Reo tahiti</a></li>
<li><a href="//kab.wikipedia.org/" lang="kab" title="Taqbaylit">Taqbaylit</a></li>
<li><a href="//roa-tara.wikipedia.org/" lang="roa">Tarandíne</a></li>
<li><a href="//tay.wikipedia.org/" lang="tay">Tayal</a></li>
<li><a href="//tet.wikipedia.org/" lang="tet">Tetun</a></li>
<li><a href="//tpi.wikipedia.org/" lang="tpi">Tok Pisin</a></li>
<li><a href="//tly.wikipedia.org/" lang="tly">tolışi</a></li>
<li><a href="//to.wikipedia.org/" lang="to">faka Tonga</a></li>
<li><a href="//chr.wikipedia.org/" lang="chr" title="Tsalagi">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li>
<li><a href="//tk.wikipedia.org/" lang="tk">Türkmençe</a></li>
<li><a href="//tw.wikipedia.org/" lang="tw">Twi</a></li>
<li><a href="//kcg.wikipedia.org/" lang="kcg">Tyap</a></li>
<li><a href="//tyv.wikipedia.org/" lang="tyv" title="Tyva dyl">Тыва дыл</a></li>
<li><a href="//udm.wikipedia.org/" lang="udm" title="Udmurt">Удмурт</a></li>
<li><a href="//ug.wikipedia.org/" lang="ug"><bdi dir="rtl">ئۇيغۇرچه</bdi></a></li>
<li><a href="//vep.wikipedia.org/" lang="vep">Vepsän</a></li>
<li><a href="//fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/" lang="vro">võro</a></li>
<li><a href="//vls.wikipedia.org/" lang="vls">West-Vlams</a></li>
<li><a href="//wo.wikipedia.org/" lang="wo">Wolof</a></li>
<li><a href="//xh.wikipedia.org/" lang="xh">isiXhosa</a></li>
<li><a href="//zea.wikipedia.org/" lang="zea">Zeêuws</a></li>
<li><a href="//alt.wikipedia.org/" lang="alt">алтай тил</a></li>
<li><a href="//awa.wikipedia.org/" lang="awa">अवधी</a></li>
<li><a href="//dty.wikipedia.org/" lang="dty">डोटेली</a></li>
<li><a href="//tcy.wikipedia.org/" lang="tcy">ತುಳು</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2 class="bookshelf-container">
<span class="bookshelf">
<span class="text">
<bdi dir="ltr">
100+
</bdi>
<span class="jsl10n" data-jsl10n="portal.entries">
articles
</span>
</span>
</span>
</h2>
<div class="langlist langlist-tiny hlist" data-el-section="secondary links">
<ul>
<li><a href="//bdr.wikipedia.org/" lang="bdr">Bajau Sama</a></li>
<li><a href="//bm.wikipedia.org/" lang="bm">Bamanankan</a></li>
<li><a href="//ch.wikipedia.org/" lang="ch">Chamoru</a></li>
<li><a href="//dz.wikipedia.org/" lang="dz" title="Rdzong-Kha">རྫོང་ཁ</a></li>
<li><a href="//got.wikipedia.org/" lang="got" title="Gutisk">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li>
<li><a href="//igl.wikipedia.org/" lang="igl">Igala</a></li>
<li><a href="//iu.wikipedia.org/" lang="iu">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / Inuktitut</a></li>
<li><a href="//ik.wikipedia.org/" lang="ik">Iñupiak</a></li>
<li><a href="//nr.wikipedia.org/" lang="nr" title="isiNdebele seSewula">isiNdebele seSewula</a></li>
<li><a href="//kl.wikipedia.org/" lang="kl">Kalaallisut</a></li>
<li><a href="//nup.wikipedia.org/" lang="nup">Nupe</a></li>
<li><a href="//ann.wikipedia.org/" lang="ann">Obolo</a></li>
<li><a href="//pwn.wikipedia.org/" lang="pwn">pinayuanan</a></li>
<li><a href="//pnt.wikipedia.org/" lang="pnt" title="Pontiaká">Ποντιακά</a></li>
<li><a href="//rmy.wikipedia.org/" lang="rmy">romani čhib</a></li>
<li><a href="//rn.wikipedia.org/" lang="rn">Ikirundi</a></li>
<li><a href="//rsk.wikipedia.org/" lang="rsk" title="Ruski">руски</a></li>
<li><a href="//sg.wikipedia.org/" lang="sg">Sängö</a></li>
<li><a href="//tdd.wikipedia.org/" lang="tdd" title="Tai taɯ xoŋ">ᥖᥭᥰᥖᥬᥳᥑᥨᥒᥰ</a></li>
<li><a href="//ti.wikipedia.org/" lang="ti" title="Təgərəña">ትግርኛ</a></li>
<li><a href="//din.wikipedia.org/" lang="din">Thuɔŋjäŋ</a></li>
<li><a href="//chy.wikipedia.org/" lang="chy">Tsėhesenėstsestotse</a></li>
<li><a href="//ts.wikipedia.org/" lang="ts">Xitsonga</a></li>
<li><a href="//ve.wikipedia.org/" lang="ve">Tshivenḓa</a></li>
<li><a href="//guc.wikipedia.org/" lang="guc">Wayuunaiki</a></li>
<li><a href="//ady.wikipedia.org/" lang="ady">адыгабзэ</a></li>
<li><a href="//rki.wikipedia.org/" lang="rki">ရခိုင်</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="langlist langlist-others hlist" data-el-section="other languages">
<a class="jsl10n" href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/List_of_Wikipedias" lang data-jsl10n="other-languages-label">Other languages</a>
</div></div>
</div>
</nav>
<hr>
<div class="banner banner-overlay" id="portalBanner_en6C_2526_contentTest">
<div class="overlay-banner">
<div class="overlay-banner-main">
<button class="frb-header-minimize overlay-banner-toggle" aria-label="minimize">
<span class="frb-header-minimize-icon">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" aria-hidden="true"><g><path d="m17.5 4.75-7.5 7.5-7.5-7.5L1 6.25l9 9 9-9z"/></g></svg>
</span>
</button>
<div class="overlay-banner-main-header">
<a href="#">Donate now</a>
</div>
<div class="overlay-banner-main-scroll">
<div class="overlay-banner-main-message overlay-banner-control">
<div class="overlay-banner-main-message-greeting">The internet we were promised</div>
<p class="overlay-banner-main-message-subheading">An important update for readers in <span class="banner__country">the United States</span>.</p>
<p>
You deserve an explanation, so please don't skip this 1-minute read. If you've lost count of how many times you've visited Wikipedia this year, we hope that means it's given you at least <span class="banner__amount1">$2.75</span> of knowledge. If so, please join the 2% of readers who give to keep this resource available for all.
</p>
<p>
After nearly 25 years, Wikipedia is still the internet we were promised—an oasis of free and collaborative knowledge. By visiting Wikipedia today, you're choosing a free and fair internet: a space to find facts you need without the distraction of ads or the agendas of wealthy owners.
</p>
<p>
If you are undecided, remember most readers don't donate, so any contribution helps – and monthly gifts are the best option for a lasting impact. So if Wikipedia provides you with <span class="banner__amount1">$2.75</span> of knowledge, please donate today. Thank you.
</p>
</div>
<div class="overlay-banner-main-message overlay-banner-variant-1">
<div class="overlay-banner-main-message-greeting">Knowledge is human.</div>
<p class="overlay-banner-main-message-subheading">An important update for readers in <span class="banner__country">the United States</span>.</p>
<p>
You deserve an explanation, so please don't skip this 1-minute read. If you've lost count of how many times you've visited Wikipedia this year, we hope that means it's given you at least <span class="banner__amount1">$2.75</span> of knowledge. If so, please join the 2% of readers who give to keep this resource available for all.
</p>
<p>
25 years ago Wikipedia was a wildly ambitious, probably impossible dream. A dream that came together piece by piece. Now, with 65 million articles and 260,000 volunteers across the world, Wikipedia is the internet we were promised—a place created by humans, for humans.
</p>
<p>
Most readers donate because Wikipedia is useful, others because they realize knowledge needs humans. If you agree, please give <span class="banner__amount1">$2.75</span>. Any contribution helps, whether it's <span class="banner__amount1">$2.75</span> one time or monthly. Thank you.
</p>
</div>
<div class="overlay-banner-main-message overlay-banner-variant-2">
<div class="overlay-banner-main-message-greeting">You deserve an explanation.</div>
<p class="overlay-banner-main-message-subheading">An important update for readers in <span class="banner__country">the United States</span>.</p>
<p>
Please don't skip this 1-minute read. Today we're running a short fundraiser to support Wikipedia. If you've lost count of how many times you've visited Wikipedia this year, we hope that means it's given you at least <span class="banner__amount1">$2.75</span> of knowledge. If so, please join the 2% of readers who give to keep this resource available for all.
</p>
<p>
After nearly 25 years, Wikipedia is still the internet we were promised—created by people, not by machines. It's not perfect, but it's not here to push a point of view. It's owned by a non-profit, not a giant technology company or a billionaire.
</p>
<p>
Most readers donate because Wikipedia is useful to them, others because Wikipedia is more important than ever. If you feel the same, please donate <span class="banner__amount1">$2.75</span> today—or consider a monthly gift to help all year. Thank you.
</p>
</div>
<div class="overlay-banner-main-amounts">
<div class="frb-message frb-message-amount">
<span class="error-highlight">Please select an amount (<span class="banner__currency">USD</span>)</span>.
<span class="frb-explanation">The average donation in <span class="banner__country">the United States</span> is around <span class="banner__average">$13</span>. Many first-time donors give <span class="banner__amount1">$2.75</span>. All that matters is that you're choosing to stand up for free, open information; and for that, you have our gratitude.</span>
</div>
<div id="amountsGrid" class="button-grid">
<label class="banner-button button-33"><input type="radio" name="amount" value="2.75" class="sr-only"><span class="banner__amount1"></span></label>
<label class="banner-button button-33"><input type="radio" name="amount" value="5" class="sr-only"><span class="banner__currency"></span>5</label>
<label class="banner-button button-33"><input type="radio" name="amount" value="10" class="sr-only"><span class="banner__currency"></span>10</label>
<label class="banner-button button-33"><input type="radio" name="amount" value="20" class="sr-only"><span class="banner__currency"></span>20</label>
<label class="banner-button button-33"><input type="radio" name="amount" value="30" class="sr-only"><span class="banner__currency"></span>30</label>
<label class="banner-button button-33"><input type="radio" name="amount" value="50" class="sr-only"><span class="banner__currency"></span>50</label>
<label class="banner-button button-33"><input type="radio" name="amount" value="100" class="sr-only"><span class="banner__currency"></span>100</label>
<label class="banner-button button-67"><input type="radio" name="amount" value="Other" class="sr-only">Other</label>
</div>
</div>
<div class="overlay-banner-main-frequency button-grid">
<div class="frb-message error-highlight">How often would you like to donate?</div>
<div id="frequencyGrid" class="button-grid">
<label class="banner-button button-50"><input type="radio" name="monthly" value="0" class="sr-only">One time</label>
<label class="banner-button button-50"><input type="radio" name="monthly" value="1" class="sr-only">Give monthly</label>
</div>
</div>
<a href="#" id="frb-donate" class="frb-submit banner-button banner-button-disabled">Donate Now</a>
<div class="overlay-banner-main-footer">
<div class="overlay-banner-main-footer-cta">
<svg class="frb-message-icon" aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 25 25" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g fill-rule="nonzero" fill="none"><circle cx="10.492" cy="14.492" r="10.492"/><path d="M12.681 11.754l-2.267 7.864c-.125.45-.188.745-.188.885 0 .[scrubbed].226.[scrubbed].21.105.125 0 .25-.055.376-.165.332-.273.73-.767 1.194-1.482l.376.22c-1.113 1.94-2.296 2.91-3.55 2.91-.48 0-.86-.135-1.144-.404a1.349 1.349 0 0 1-.426-1.023c0-.273.062-.62.188-1.04l1.537-5.286c.147-.51.221-.892.221-1.15a.566.566 0 0 0-.21-.432c-.14-.125-.332-.188-.575-.188-.11 0-.243.004-.398.011l.144-.442 3.749-.609h.663zm-.685-5.087c.457 0 .842.159 [scrubbed].[scrubbed] 1.15 0 .45-.16.834-.476 1.15-.317.318-.7.476-1.15.476-.443 0-.822-.158-1.14-.475a1.566 1.566 0 0 1-.475-1.15c0-.45.157-.833.47-1.15a1.549 1.549 0 0 1 1.145-.476z"/></g></svg>
We ask you, sincerely: don't skip this, join the 2% of readers who give.
</div>
<div class="overlay-banner-main-footer-identity">
<img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/donate/1/14/Wikimedia_Foundation_logo_-_wordmark.svg" alt="Wikimedia Foundation Logo">
Proud host of Wikipedia and its sister sites
</div>
<button type="button" class="button-center button-collapse overlay-banner-toggle">Collapse</button>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="overlay-banner-mini">
<div class="frb-conversation-open frb-bubble-message-close overlay-banner-toggle" aria-label="open" style>
<span class="frb-conversation-open-icon">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" aria-hidden="true"><g><path d="m17.5 4.75-7.5 7.5-7.5-7.5L1 6.25l9 9 9-9z"/></g></svg>
</span>
</div>
<div class="frb-conversation-close frb-bubble-message-close overlay-banner-close" aria-label="close" style>
<span class="frb-conversation-close-icon"></span>
</div>
<div class="overlay-banner-mini-message">
<div class="overlay-banner-mini-message-text overlay-banner-control">
<h3>
<svg class="frb-message-icon" aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 25 25" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g fill-rule="nonzero" fill="none"><circle cx="10.492" cy="14.492" r="10.492"/><path d="M12.681 11.754l-2.267 7.864c-.125.45-.188.745-.188.885 0 .[scrubbed].226.[scrubbed].21.105.125 0 .25-.055.376-.165.332-.273.73-.767 1.194-1.482l.376.22c-1.113 1.94-2.296 2.91-3.55 2.91-.48 0-.86-.135-1.144-.404a1.349 1.349 0 0 1-.426-1.023c0-.273.062-.62.188-1.04l1.537-5.286c.147-.51.221-.892.221-1.15a.566.566 0 0 0-.21-.432c-.14-.125-.332-.188-.575-.188-.11 0-.243.004-.398.011l.144-.442 3.749-.609h.663zm-.685-5.087c.457 0 .842.159 [scrubbed].[scrubbed] 1.15 0 .45-.16.834-.476 1.15-.317.318-.7.476-1.15.476-.443 0-.822-.158-1.14-.475a1.566 1.566 0 0 1-.475-1.15c0-.45.157-.833.47-1.15a1.549 1.549 0 0 1 1.145-.476z"/></g></svg>
The internet we were promised
</h3>
<p>After nearly 25 years, Wikipedia is still the internet we were promised— an oasis of free and collaborative knowledge. Today, we ask you to join the 2% of readers who support this space. If everyone reading this right now gave just <span class="banner__amount1">$2.75</span>, we'd reach our goal quickly.</p>
<p>— <em>The Wikimedia Foundation, host of Wikipedia and its sister sites</em>.</p>
</div>
<div class="overlay-banner-mini-message-text overlay-banner-variant-1">
<h3>
<svg class="frb-message-icon" aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 25 25" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g fill-rule="nonzero" fill="none"><circle cx="10.492" cy="14.492" r="10.492"/><path d="M12.681 11.754l-2.267 7.864c-.125.45-.188.745-.188.885 0 .[scrubbed].226.[scrubbed].21.105.125 0 .25-.055.376-.165.332-.273.73-.767 1.194-1.482l.376.22c-1.113 1.94-2.296 2.91-3.55 2.91-.48 0-.86-.135-1.144-.404a1.349 1.349 0 0 1-.426-1.023c0-.273.062-.62.188-1.04l1.537-5.286c.147-.51.221-.892.221-1.15a.566.566 0 0 0-.21-.432c-.14-.125-.332-.188-.575-.188-.11 0-.243.004-.398.011l.144-.442 3.749-.609h.663zm-.685-5.087c.457 0 .842.159 [scrubbed].[scrubbed] 1.15 0 .45-.16.834-.476 1.15-.317.318-.7.476-1.15.476-.443 0-.822-.158-1.14-.475a1.566 1.566 0 0 1-.475-1.15c0-.45.157-.833.47-1.15a1.549 1.549 0 0 1 1.145-.476z"/></g></svg>
Knowledge is human.
</h3>
<p>After nearly 25 years, Wikipedia is still the internet we were promised— an oasis of free and collaborative knowledge. Today, we ask you to join the 2% of readers who support this space. If everyone reading this right now gave just <span class="banner__amount1">$2.75</span>, we'd reach our goal quickly.</p>
<p>— <em>The Wikimedia Foundation, host of Wikipedia and its sister sites</em>.</p>
</div>
<div class="overlay-banner-mini-message-text overlay-banner-variant-2">
<h3>
<svg class="frb-message-icon" aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 25 25" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g fill-rule="nonzero" fill="none"><circle cx="10.492" cy="14.492" r="10.492"/><path d="M12.681 11.754l-2.267 7.864c-.125.45-.188.745-.188.885 0 .[scrubbed].226.[scrubbed].21.105.125 0 .25-.055.376-.165.332-.273.73-.767 1.194-1.482l.376.22c-1.113 1.94-2.296 2.91-3.55 2.91-.48 0-.86-.135-1.144-.404a1.349 1.349 0 0 1-.426-1.023c0-.273.062-.62.188-1.04l1.537-5.286c.147-.51.221-.892.221-1.15a.566.566 0 0 0-.21-.432c-.14-.125-.332-.188-.575-.188-.11 0-.243.004-.398.011l.144-.442 3.749-.609h.663zm-.685-5.087c.457 0 .842.159 [scrubbed].[scrubbed] 1.15 0 .45-.16.834-.476 1.15-.317.318-.7.476-1.15.476-.443 0-.822-.158-1.14-.475a1.566 1.566 0 0 1-.475-1.15c0-.45.157-.833.47-1.15a1.549 1.549 0 0 1 1.145-.476z"/></g></svg>
The internet we were promised
</h3>
<p>After nearly 25 years, Wikipedia is still the internet we were promised— an oasis of free and collaborative knowledge. Today, we ask you to join the 2% of readers who support this space. If everyone reading this right now gave just <span class="banner__amount1">$2.75</span>, we'd reach our goal quickly.</p>
<p>— <em>The Wikimedia Foundation, host of Wikipedia and its sister sites</em>.</p>
</div>
<div class="overlay-banner-mini-message-actions">
<a href="#" class="banner__button banner__button--progressive frb-submit">
Donate now
</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div></main>
<footer class="footer" data-el-section="other projects">
<div class="footer-sidebar">
<div class="footer-sidebar-content">
<div class="footer-sidebar-icon sprite svg-Wikimedia-logo_black">
</div>
<div class="footer-sidebar-text jsl10n" data-jsl10n="portal.footer-description">
Wikipedia is hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation, a non-profit organization that also hosts a range of other projects.
</div>
<div class="footer-sidebar-text">
<a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_medium=portal&wmf_campaign=portalFooter&wmf_source=portalFooter" target="_blank">
<span class="jsl10n" data-jsl10n="footer-donate">You can support our work with a donation.</span>
</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="footer-sidebar app-badges">
<div class="footer-sidebar-content">
<div class="footer-sidebar-text">
<div class="footer-sidebar-icon sprite svg-wikipedia_app_tile"></div>
<strong class="jsl10n" data-jsl10n="portal.app-links.title">
<a class="jsl10n" data-jsl10n="portal.app-links.url" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedia_mobile_applications">
Download Wikipedia for Android or iOS
</a>
</strong>
<p class="jsl10n" data-jsl10n="portal.app-links.description">
Save your favorite articles to read offline, sync your reading lists across devices and customize your reading experience with the official Wikipedia app.
</p>
<ul>
<li class="app-badge app-badge-android">
<a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.wikipedia&referrer=utm_source%3Dportal%26utm_medium%3Dbutton%26anid%3Dadmob">
<span class="jsl10n sprite svg-badge_google_play_store" data-jsl10n="portal.app-links.google-store">Google Play Store</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="app-badge app-badge-ios">
<a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" href="https://itunes.apple.com/app/apple-store/id324715238?pt=208305&ct=portal&mt=8">
<span class="jsl10n sprite svg-badge_ios_app_store" data-jsl10n="portal.app-links.apple-store">Apple App Store</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<nav data-jsl10n="other-projects-nav-label" aria-label="Other projects" class="other-projects">
<div class="other-project">
<a class="other-project-link" href="//commons.wikimedia.org/">
<div class="other-project-icon">
<div class="sprite svg-Commons-logo_sister"></div>
</div>
<div class="other-project-text">
<span class="other-project-title jsl10n" data-jsl10n="commons.name">Commons</span>
<span class="other-project-tagline jsl10n" data-jsl10n="commons.slogan">Free media collection</span>
</div>
</a>
</div>
<div class="other-project">
<a class="other-project-link" href="//www.wikivoyage.org/">
<div class="other-project-icon">
<div class="sprite svg-Wikivoyage-logo_sister"></div>
</div>
<div class="other-project-text">
<span class="other-project-title jsl10n" data-jsl10n="wikivoyage.name">Wikivoyage</span>
<span class="other-project-tagline jsl10n" data-jsl10n="wikivoyage.slogan">Free travel guide</span>
</div>
</a>
</div>
<div class="other-project">
<a class="other-project-link" href="//www.wiktionary.org/">
<div class="other-project-icon">
<div class="sprite svg-Wiktionary-logo_sister"></div>
</div>
<div class="other-project-text">
<span class="other-project-title jsl10n" data-jsl10n="wiktionary.name">Wiktionary</span>
<span class="other-project-tagline jsl10n" data-jsl10n="wiktionary.slogan">Free dictionary</span>
</div>
</a>
</div>
<div class="other-project">
<a class="other-project-link" href="//www.wikibooks.org/">
<div class="other-project-icon">
<div class="sprite svg-Wikibooks-logo_sister"></div>
</div>
<div class="other-project-text">
<span class="other-project-title jsl10n" data-jsl10n="wikibooks.name">Wikibooks</span>
<span class="other-project-tagline jsl10n" data-jsl10n="wikibooks.slogan">Free textbooks</span>
</div>
</a>
</div>
<div class="other-project">
<a class="other-project-link" href="//www.wikinews.org/">
<div class="other-project-icon">
<div class="sprite svg-Wikinews-logo_sister"></div>
</div>
<div class="other-project-text">
<span class="other-project-title jsl10n" data-jsl10n="wikinews.name">Wikinews</span>
<span class="other-project-tagline jsl10n" data-jsl10n="wikinews.slogan">Free news source</span>
</div>
</a>
</div>
<div class="other-project">
<a class="other-project-link" href="//www.wikidata.org/">
<div class="other-project-icon">
<div class="sprite svg-Wikidata-logo_sister"></div>
</div>
<div class="other-project-text">
<span class="other-project-title jsl10n" data-jsl10n="wikidata.name">Wikidata</span>
<span class="other-project-tagline jsl10n" data-jsl10n="wikidata.slogan">Free knowledge base</span>
</div>
</a>
</div>
<div class="other-project">
<a class="other-project-link" href="//www.wikiversity.org/">
<div class="other-project-icon">
<div class="sprite svg-Wikiversity-logo_sister"></div>
</div>
<div class="other-project-text">
<span class="other-project-title jsl10n" data-jsl10n="wikiversity.name">Wikiversity</span>
<span class="other-project-tagline jsl10n" data-jsl10n="wikiversity.slogan">Free learning resources</span>
</div>
</a>
</div>
<div class="other-project">
<a class="other-project-link" href="//www.wikiquote.org/">
<div class="other-project-icon">
<div class="sprite svg-Wikiquote-logo_sister"></div>
</div>
<div class="other-project-text">
<span class="other-project-title jsl10n" data-jsl10n="wikiquote.name">Wikiquote</span>
<span class="other-project-tagline jsl10n" data-jsl10n="wikiquote.slogan">Free quote compendium</span>
</div>
</a>
</div>
<div class="other-project">
<a class="other-project-link" href="//www.mediawiki.org/">
<div class="other-project-icon">
<div class="sprite svg-MediaWiki-logo_sister"></div>
</div>
<div class="other-project-text">
<span class="other-project-title jsl10n" data-jsl10n="mediawiki.name">MediaWiki</span>
<span class="other-project-tagline jsl10n" data-jsl10n="mediawiki.slogan">Free &amp; open wiki software</span>
</div>
</a>
</div>
<div class="other-project">
<a class="other-project-link" href="//www.wikisource.org/">
<div class="other-project-icon">
<div class="sprite svg-Wikisource-logo_sister"></div>
</div>
<div class="other-project-text">
<span class="other-project-title jsl10n" data-jsl10n="wikisource.name">Wikisource</span>
<span class="other-project-tagline jsl10n" data-jsl10n="wikisource.slogan">Free content library</span>
</div>
</a>
</div>
<div class="other-project">
<a class="other-project-link" href="//species.wikimedia.org/">
<div class="other-project-icon">
<div class="sprite svg-Wikispecies-logo_sister"></div>
</div>
<div class="other-project-text">
<span class="other-project-title jsl10n" data-jsl10n="wikispecies.name">Wikispecies</span>
<span class="other-project-tagline jsl10n" data-jsl10n="wikispecies.slogan">Free species directory</span>
</div>
</a>
</div>
<div class="other-project">
<a class="other-project-link" href="//www.wikifunctions.org/">
<div class="other-project-icon">
<div class="sprite svg-Wikifunctions-logo_sister"></div>
</div>
<div class="other-project-text">
<span class="other-project-title jsl10n" data-jsl10n="wikifunctions.name">Wikifunctions</span>
<span class="other-project-tagline jsl10n" data-jsl10n="wikifunctions.slogan">Free function library</span>
</div>
</a>
</div>
<div class="other-project">
<a class="other-project-link" href="//meta.wikimedia.org/">
<div class="other-project-icon">
<div class="sprite svg-Meta-Wiki-logo_sister"></div>
</div>
<div class="other-project-text">
<span class="other-project-title jsl10n" data-jsl10n="metawiki.name">Meta-Wiki</span>
<span class="other-project-tagline jsl10n" data-jsl10n="metawiki.slogan">Community coordination &amp; documentation</span>
</div>
</a>
</div>
</nav>
<hr>
<p class="site-license">
<small class="jsl10n" data-jsl10n="license">This page is available under the <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</a></small>
<small class="jsl10n" data-jsl10n="terms"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</a></small>
<small class="jsl10n" data-jsl10n="privacy-policy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy Policy</a></small>
</p>
</footer>
<script>
var rtlLangs = ['ar','arc','ary','arz','bcc','bgn','bqi','ckb','dv','fa','glk','he','kk-cn','kk-arab','khw','ks','ku-arab','lki','luz','mzn','nqo','pnb','ps','sd','sdh','skr','ug','ur','yi'],
    translationsHash = '423d77fc',
    /**
     * This variable is used to convert the generic "portal" keyword in the data-jsl10n attributes
     * e.g. 'data-jsl10n="portal.footer-description"' into a portal-specific key, e.g. "wiki"
     * for the Wikipedia portal.
     */
    translationsPortalKey = 'wiki';
    /**
     * The wm-typeahead.js feature is used for search,and it uses domain name for searching. We want domain
     * name to be portal Specific (different for every portal).So by declaring variable 'portalSearchDomain'
     * in index.handlebars we will make this portal Specific.
    **/
    portalSearchDomain = 'wikipedia.org'
    /*
     This object is used by l10n scripts (page-localized.js, topten-localized.js)
     to reveal the page content after l10n json is loaded.
     A timer is also set to prevent JS from hiding page content indefinitelty.
     This script is inlined to safeguard againt script loading errors and placed
     at the top of the page to safeguard against any HTML loading/parsing errors.
    */
    wmL10nVisible = {
        ready: false,
        makeVisible: function(){
            if ( !wmL10nVisible.ready ) {
                wmL10nVisible.ready = true;
                document.body.className += ' jsl10n-visible';
            }
        }
    };
    window.setTimeout( wmL10nVisible.makeVisible, 1000 )
</script>
<script src="portal/wikipedia.org/assets/js/index-ae53ff489b.js"></script>
<script src="portal/wikipedia.org/assets/js/gt-ie9-38c8b5f74a.js"></script>
<style>
.styled-select {
        display: block;
    }
</style>
</body>
</html>

Failures

DNS Queries

TCP Connections

HTTP Requests

URL

Response Headers

Response Body

Resolver

Raw Measurement Data

Raw Measurement Data

Failures

DNS Queries

TCP Connections

HTTP Requests

URL

Response Headers

Response Body

Resolver

Raw Measurement DataDownload JSONExpand All

Raw Measurement Data

Raw Measurement Data